Why does India struggle against England's bottom half?

'Out of 7 innings England played before the Oval Test, their bottom half outscored the top-half in 4!' notes Rajneesh Gupta.

Jos Buttler and Stuart Broad have added 90 runs so far.

IMAGE: Jos Buttler and Stuart Broad added 98 runs for the ninth wicket.

At 198/7, when Jos Buttler and Adil Rashid came out to bat on the second morning of the Oval Test, the Indians must have hoped that the script would be different from what had played out all series.

Alas! it didn't.

Rashid went at 214, lbw to Jasprit Bumrah for 15.

Thereon, Stuart Broad -- whose batting and confidence at the crease went to pieces after he was hit in the face by a Varun Aaron bouncer in the India-England Test at Old Trafford in 2014; remember this is a man who scored a century at Lord's -- and Butler rebuffed the Indian bowlers.

Butler and Broad were involved in an infuential 98 run partnership for the ninth wicket. England added 134 runs from their overnight score.

In the first innings of the fourth Test England were reeling at 86/6, but ended with 246 -- an addition of 160 runs.

In the second innings, England were 122/5, effectively only 95 runs ahead.

Had India run through the tail, the visitors would have been chasing a rather easy fourth innings target on the way to level the series.

This was not to be as the England lower order batted stoutly against the Indian attack.

Not for the first time has the England tail wagged in the series.

In fact, this been the trend right through the series.

So much so that out of 7 innings England played before the Oval Test in this series, their bottom half has outscored the top-half in 4!

The only time this did not happen was in the Nottingham Test (that India won) and in the first innings of the Birmingham Test.

A comparison of England's top half (first five wickets) and bottom half (last five wickets) in the series:

England batting in the series

	Score at the fall of the 5th wicket	Runs added by last 5 wickets
Birmingham Test: 1st innings	223	64
Birmingham Test: 2nd innings	85	95
Lord's Test: Only innings	131	265
Nottingham Test: 1st innings	108	53
Nottingham Test: 2nd innings	231	86
Southampton Test: 1st innings	69	177
Southampton Test: 2nd innings	122	138

Summary of England's top half vis-a-vis bottom half in this series. The bottom half has performed better than the top half!

England batting in the series (summary)

	Runs	Highest Score	Average	100 stands	50 stands
First 5 partnerships	969	169	27.68	2	3
Last 5 partnerships	878	189	29.26	1	6

Just to put things in perspective, this is how India's top half and bottom half have performed in this series.

It is clear that there is not much difference in the performances of the top half of the two teams, but the difference lies in the performance of the bottom halves.

It is a series-deciding factor in fact!

India's batting in the series (summary)

	Runs	Highest Score	Average	100 stands	50 stands
First 5 partnerships	1,042	159	29.77	2	6
Last 5 partnerships	585	57	18.28	0	2

What is interesting is that before the start of this series India had been the best among all sides in dealing with the bottom half ever since Virat Kohli became India's full-time Test captain.

Take a look:

Performance of last five wickets against each country (from Virat Kohli becoming India's full-time Test captain to before this series)

Against	Matches	Runs	Best	Average	100 stands	50 stands
Ireland	1	165	117	41.25	1	0
Zimbabwe	8	1,592	253	38.82	3	6
Afghanistan	1	146	67	29.20	0	1
Sri Lanka	39	7,665	173	26.61	15	27
Australia	38	8,337	211	26.13	10	42
Pakistan	26	5,006	154	25.15	8	22
Bangladesh	18	2,429	127	24.78	2	13
New Zealand	25	4,279	160	23.90	5	18
England	42	7,228	241	23.31	6	38
West Indies	28	3,851	213	22.92	3	18
South Africa	37	6,189	399	20.76	3	24
India	35	5,892	144	19.25	6	23

Bottom half's performance against India (since Virat Kohli became full-time Test captain)

	Matches	Runs	Best	Average	100 stands	50 nstands
Before this series	35	5,892	144	19.25	6	23
In this series	4	878	189	29.26	1	6

In simple terms it means that India had been allowing the last five opposition wickets to add 96 runs on an average to their team total before the England series.

However, this figure has gone up to 146 in this series -- a difference of 50 runs!!

One can argue that may be the bottom half's lower average earlier was because of the fact that that India have played most of their matches at home in this period.

This is a valid argument.

Of course, what chance does the opposition's bottom half stand playing India in India against the likes of Ashwin and Jadeja?

So if they were doing terribly in India and at around the same level as England's bottom-half in their own country, the overall average will be low.

But is this the case, let us examine.

Before coming to England India had played 35 Tests since Kohli became India's full-time Test captain (in June 2015) -- 21 of them were played in India and 14 abroad.

The opposition's bottom half has performed better in its own country than in India which is only obvious, but the difference is not significant.

Opposition's bottom-half against India

(From Jun 2015 to before this series)

	Matches	Runs	Best	Average	100 stands	50 stands
At home	14	2,460	144	20.84	4	7
in India	21	3,432	110	18.25	2	16

So, what did actually change in this series for India?

Maybe Kohli could have been more imaginative when the tailenders are batting, maybe the Indian bowlers ran out of ideas and ammunition after putting in all the energy in dismissing the top-order, maybe India had not done enough home work to deal with the likes of Sam Curran, maybe the England tailenders are indeed better batsmen than their top order.

There may be many reasons.

The think-tank and the specialists attached with the Indian team are supposed to get to the depth of the problem and put in the necessary measures.

They have not been much successful so far with the same issue cropping up again and again in the series.

INDIA IN ENGLAND, 2018