An Israeli scientist has revealed security holes in America's passports and "smart cards".
Since 2007, every new US passport comprises a computer chip. Embedded in the back cover of the passport, the "e-passport" contains biometric data, electronic fingerprints and pictures of the holder, and a wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) transmitter.
While the system was designed to operate at close range, hackers were able to access it from afar.
But a study by Prof. Avishai Wool of Tel Aviv University's School of Electrical Engineering ensured that the computer chip in American e-passports could be read only when the passport is opened.
The research has been cited by organisations, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Now, fresh research from Prof Wool finds serious security drawbacks in similar chips that are being embedded in credit, debit and "smart" cards.
The vulnerabilities of this electronic approach - and the vulnerability of the private information contained in the chips - are becoming more acute.
Using simple devices constructed from $20 disposable cameras and copper cooking-gas pipes, Wool and his students Yossi Oren and Dvir Schirman have shown how easily the cards' radio frequency (RF) signals can be disrupted.
Prof. Wool's new study centres on the new "e-voting" technology being implemented in Israel.
Wool said: "We show how the Israeli government's new system based on the RFID chip is a very risky approach for security reasons. It allows hackers who are not much more than amateurs to break the system.
"One way to catch hackers, criminals and terrorists is by thinking like one."
In his lab, Prof. Wool constructed an attack mechanism - an RFID "zapper" - from a disposable camera.
Replacing the camera's bulb with an RFID antenna, he showed how the EMP (electro-magnetic pulse) signal produced by the camera could destroy the data on nearby RFID chips such as ballots, credit cards or passports.
He said: "In a voting system, this would be the equivalent of burning ballots - but without the fire and smoke."
Another attack involves jamming the radio frequencies that read the card.
Although the card's transmissions are designed to be read by antennae no more than two feet distant, Prof. Wool and his students demonstrated how the transmissions can be jammed by a battery-powered transmitter 20 yards away.
This means that an attacker can disable an entire voting station from across the street. Similarly, a terror group could "jam" passport systems at US border controls relatively easily, he suggests.
The most insidious type of attack is the "relay attack."
In this scenario, the voting station assumes it is communicating with an RFID ballot near it - but it's easy for a hacker or terrorist to make equipment that can trick it.
Such an attack can be used to transfer votes from party to party and nullify votes to undesired parties, Prof. Wool demonstrates.
A relay attack may also be used to allow a terrorist to cross a border using someone else's e-passport.
Prof Wool said: "All the new technologies we have now seem really cool. But when anything like this first comes onto the market, it will be fraught with security holes.
"In America the Federal government poured a lot of money into e-voting, only to discover later that the deployed systems were vulnerable. Over the last few years we''ve seen a trend back towards systems with paper trails as a result."
But there are some small steps that can be taken to make smart cards smarter, according to Prof. Wool.
The easiest one is to shield the card with something as simple as aluminium foil to insulate the e-transmission.
