On Ambedkar Jayanti, Subhash K Jha picks five unforgettable Hindi films that capture the inequality of the caste system.
Sujata (1959)
Inspired directly by Dr Ambedkar's treatise on abolishing the caste system,Sujata is a haunting ever-renewable, ever-relevant meditation on blood ties and social inequality.
Nutan won her second Filmfare award for her touching performance as a socio-economically backward orphan adopted by an upper class couple, played by Tarun Bose and Sulochana.
The mother can never bring herself to love Sujata as much as her own biological daughter, Rama (Shashikala).
When Sujata falls in love with an upper caste Brahmin boy played by Sunil Dutt, all hell breaks loose. This delicately-drawn film best remembered for Nutan's nuanced class act (pun intended).
The sequence where Sujata sobs under Gandhiji's statue in the pouring rain remains emblematic of the inequality that still rules our socio-political conscience.
Sooraj Barjatya made a fluffy version of Sujata called Vivah, where Shahid Kapoor spoke every dialogue as if he didn't want to wake up his wife.
Bandit Queen (1994)
A magnificent on-screen portrayal of oppression, subjugation and caste politics, Shekhar Kapur's Bandit Queen remains a gut-wrenching experience 27 years after it was completed.
Brutal in its critique of upper caste arrogance, unsparing in its contempt for Brahminical superiority and starkly candid in using rape as a tool of oppression and disempowerment, this film comes from a place of great anger.
Shekhar admits he was seething in rage when he made Bandit Queen.
His anger remains undiminished as he finds the privileged class in India flaunting its wealth in the face of the socio-economically backward classes.
Ankur (1974)
At a time when brutal oppression is a way of life, when a girl gets molested on the street by a mob while civilised society watches mutely, it's befitting to remember the celebrated finale in Ankur when, after watching a mute-and-deaf peasant being whipped by a bratty zamindar, a little boy picks up a stone and hurls it at the glass windowpane of the oppressor.
It was a decisive moment; Hindi cinema had resolved to turn revolutionary.
Shabana Azmi, Sadhu Meher and Anant Nag, all new to the movie camera, were brought in to play out a triangular drama where the peasantry gets sensitive heartbreaking treatment.
Ankur, Shyam Benegal's directorial debut, remains to this day his most searing indictment of oppression set within an extended feudal system in Andhra Pradesh.
Zamindars are no more. Though the system has been abolished, the feudal mindset lives on.
Carrying forward the tradition of cinema set in the poverty of the Indian heartland, Ankur took forward the feudal fable of Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali and Bimal Roy's Do Bigha Zameen, though the language used in Ankur to convey the sharp cutting contours of socio-economic oppression are far removed from the way Ray and Roy envisaged it.
Outwardly, Ankur is an immensely tranquil film. But the green stretches of land are barely able to hide the vast acres of pain and angst of a society built on inequality and injustice.
Nothing has changed over the years. The seedling (ankur) of social protest is still to grow into a powerful collective protest. Equality at every level is still a dream.
Masaan (2015)
Nasaan is not an easy film to ingest. It sucks you into its world of characters doomed by caste and ruined by wrong choices.
The main protagonists are played by Sanjay Mishra, Richa Chadha and Vicky Kaushal, actors whose deep link with the middle class helps them manoeuvre their characters in and out of the trauma and anguish that the underprivileged are perpetually subjected to.
The caste system is smacked on its head before it proceeds to smack all of us in places where it hurts the most.
The young lovers, played with unspoilt naturalness by Vicky Kaushal and Shweta Tripathi, build an atmosphere of lulling gentleness around the plot that implodes as the script moves to a zone of unexpected explosion.
Splintered lives shatter and mend in this penetrating portrait of lives lived on the edge. Compelling and devastating, Masaan marked Neeraj Ghaywan's stunning directorial debut.
Sadgati (1981)
The great Satyajit Ray made only two Hindi films.
One of them is this little-seen television gem, a scathing indictment of the caste system featuring Om Puri as a backward disempowered labourer who goes to a Brahmin played by Mohan Agashe (billed simply as 'Brahmin' in the credits) for financial help.
The exploitation of the underprivileged class has never been more starkly portrayed.
In the end, the Harijan simply collapses and dies of overwork. Caste exploitation couldn't get more blunt than this.
Feature Presentation: Ashish Narsale/Rediff.com
