qv$_¡i fpl¡Å

1960_p Afkpdp„ qaëd DÛp¡Ndp„ kp^_p A_¡ kpefp bp_y_p _pd kp\¡ A¡L$ Ág¡dfk Ng®_y„ _pd `Z NpS>sy„ lsy„.

A¡ Ág¡dfk Ng® lsu Apip `pf¡M.

Apip_u qaëdp¡ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ ^dpgdõsuhpmu, d_p¡f„S>_\u cf`|f fl¡su. ApS>¡ cg¡ s¡d_u qaëdp¡ ¼gprkL$ _ NZpsu lp¡e `Z d_p¡f„S>L$ qaëdp¡_u epv$udp„ s¡d_u qaëdp¡ kpd¡g L$fhu S> `X¡$, `R>u A¡ _prkf lzk¡__u qaëd qaf hp¡lu qv$g gpep lw„ lp¡e L¡$ dyLy$g v$Ñ_u qaëd Ap_ rdgp¡ kS>_p lp¡e. i[¼s kpd„s_u qaëd L$V$u `s„N lp¡e L¡$ fpS> Mp¡kgp_u qaëd d¦ sygku s¡f¡ Ap„N_ L$u lp¡e. d_p¡f„S>__u kp\¡ s¡d_u qaëdp¡ rlV Nusp¡dp„ `Z ApNm lsu.

Apip `pf¡M `f qaëdphpe¡gp„ L¡$V$gp„L$ gp¡L$râe Nusp¡
Nus	qaëd	NpeL$/NpqeL$p
bX¡$ l¥ qv$g  L¡$ L$pg¡	qv$g v¡$L¡$  v¡$Mp¡	Apip cp¡kg¡
kp¥ kpg `l¡g¡	S>b àepf qL$ku  k¡ lp¡sp l¥	gsp d„N¡iL$f,  dp¡lçdv$ fau
Ap„Mp¢ k¡ Å¡  Esfu l¥	qaf hp¡lu qv$g  gpep lw„	Apip cp¡kg¡
ÅBe¡ Ap`  L$lp„ Åe¢N¡	d¡f¡ k_d	Apip cp¡kg¡
kpep¡_pfp  kpep¡_pfp	gh B_ V$p¡qL$ep¡	gsp d„N¡iL$f
ApÅ ApÅ	sukfu d„qTg	Apip cp¡kg¡,  dp¡lçdv$ fau
`fv¡$ d¢  fl_¡ v$p¡	riL$pf	Apip cp¡kg¡
AÃR>p sp¡ ld  Qgs¡ l¦	Ap_ rdgp¡  kS>_p	gsp d„N¡iL$f,  qL$ip¡f Ly$dpf
_p L$p¡C Dd„N l¥	L$V$u `s„N	gsp d„N¡iL$f
d¦ sygku s¡f¡  Ap„N_ L$u	d¦ sygku s¡f¡  Ap„N_ L$u	gsp d„N¡iL$f

Ap¡. `u. _¥ef (ÅBe¡ Ap` L$lp„ Åe¢N¡...)\u dp„X$u_¡ dv$_ dp¡l_ (s¡fu Ap„Mp¢ L¡$ rkhp...) ky^u_p ârkÙ k„NusL$pfp¡A¡ Apip `pf¡M `f ÅZ¡ rlV$ Nusp¡_p¡ hfkpv$ hfkphu v$u^p¡ lsp¡.

dy„bC_p kp„sp ¾y$T `fpdp„ fl¡sp dÝed hN®_p `qfhpfdp„ Apip blz gpX$L$p¡X$\u ER>ep¯ lsp„. _©Ðe dpV¡$_p¡ ip¡M `R>u A¡hu ^|_dp„ `gV$pep¡ L¡$ vy$r_ep Apd\u s¡d \C Åe `Z, X$pÞk ¼gpkdp„ sp¡ S>hp_y„ S>.

A¡L$ hMs¡ _p_L$X$u Apip õV¡$S> `f X$pÞk L$fsu lsu Ðepf¡ rh¿eps qX$f¡¼V$f rbdg fp¡e_u _S>f¡ QX$u NC. s¡dZ¡ bp`b¡V$u _pd_u qaëddp„ (1954) Apip_¡ bpmL$gpL$pf_p¡ fp¡g Apàep¡. ApipA¡ s¡ `R>u bpmL$gpL$pf sfuL¡$ L¡$V$guL$ qaëdp¡ L$fu. S>¡dp„ ^p¡bu X$p¡¼V$f A_¡ Aep¡Ýep`rs qaëdp¡_p¡ `Z kdph¡i \pe R>¡. s¡ kp\¡ 1957 ky^udp„ Apip_y„ buSy>„ A¡L$ k`_y„ `Z `|fy„ \C Ney„. Apip_¡ s¡_u Apv$i®d|rs® kdp„ h¥S>e„sudpgp kp\¡ X$pÞk L$fhp dþey„.

qaëdd¡L$f rhS>e cË$_u qaëd Ny„S> EW$u il_pC\u S> Apip_¡ qaëdp¡dp„ Å¡fv$pf b°¡L$ dmu Ås `Z `R>u rlfp¡B_ bv$gpC NC. Apip_¡ A¡ hps_p¡ blz ApOps gpÁep¡. s¡ `p¡sp_u _©Ðed„X$mu kp\¡ rhv¡$i_u kaf¡ S>hp _uL$mhp_u lsu Ðepf¡ S> ii^f dyMfÆA¡ s¡_¡ qv$g v¡$ L¡$ v¡$Mp¡ (1959) qaëddp„ rlfp¡B__p¡ fp¡g Ap¡af L$ep£.

_prkf lzk¡__u Mpk Sy>hpr_epAp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ b_¡gu qaëd qv$g v¡$L¡$ v¡$Mp¡A¡ 17 hj®_u Apip_¡ õV$pf b_phu v$u^u. qaëd_p lufp¡ içdu L$`|f¡ ^ufS>`|h®L$ _hukhu Apip_¡ A¡[¼V„$N_p `pW$ cZpìep. gp¡L$p¡_¡ içdu L$`|f-Apip `pf¡M_u Å¡X$u Ndu NC. `Z s¡ `R>u R>¡L$ kps hj£ b„_¡ kp\¡ Å¡hp dþep„. L¡$d L¡$ içdu L$`|f _hp¡qv$s rlfp¡B_p¡ kp\¡ L$pd L$fhp_y„ `k„v$ L$fsp lsp.

A¡ S>dp_pdp„ V¡²ÞX$u V²$pDTk® `l¡fsp„ Apip _hu `¡Y$u_y„ ÅZ¡ âqsr_r^Ðh L$fsp lsp„. qv$g v¡$L¡$ v¡$Mp¡ qaëd `R>u Apip `pf¡M_¡ qaëdp¡_u Y$Ngpb„^ Ap¡ak® dmhp gpNu. s¡dZ¡ v¡$h Ap_„v$ kp\¡ S>b àepf qL$ku k¡ lp¡sp l¥, fpS>¡ÞÖ Ly$dpf kp\¡ Ofp_p A_¡ Å¡e dyMfÆ kp\¡ raf hp¡lu qv$g gpep lw„ S>¡hu rlV$ qaëdp¡ L$fu.

Apip lgL$uawgL$u qaëdp¡ dpV¡$ S> Arc_¡Óu sfuL¡$ bfpbf R>¡ A¡hu dpÞesp Å¡f `L$X¡$ A¡ `l¡gp„ ApipA¡ rTØu (1964) qaëddp„ `p¡sp_p¡ âcph bsphu v$u^p¡.gpNZucep¯ ×íep¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ L$dpg L$fu v$u^u.

Å¡L¡$ Apip_u ârscp Mf¡Mf sp¡ 1966dp„ TmL$u. Ap hj®dp„ s¡d_u Qpf Qpf rlV$ qaëdp¡ Aphu : A¡L$ lsu rhS>e Ap_„v$_u içdu L$`|f kp\¡_u çeyrTL$g kõ`¡Þk qaëd sukfu d„rTg, buÆ lsu Å¡e dyMfÆ kp\¡ gh B_ V$p¡qL$ep¡, ^d£ÞÖ kp\¡ Ape¡ rv$_ blpf L¡$ (^d£ÞÖ kp\¡ s¡dZ¡ `p„Q rlV$ qaëdp¡ Ap`u lsu, ãgp¡` A¡L$ `Z _l]) A_¡ fpS> Mp¡kgp_u qaëd v$p¡ bv$_.

Apip gp¡L$râesp_p„ kp¡`p_p¡ kf L$fhp gpÁep„. Å¡L$¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ Apip_u a¡i_¡bg R>V$p h^y `k„v$ Aphu lp¡e A¡d gpN¡. L¡$d L¡$ D`L$pf (1967), riL$pf (1968), Apep kph_ Tyd L¡$ (1969) S>¡hu qaëdp¡_¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ h^phu gu^u `Z blpfp¢ L¡$ k`_¡ (1967) L¡$ rQfpN (1969) S>¡hu qaëdp¡dp„ s¡d_u Ág¡df hNf_u c|rdL$p gp¡L$p¡_¡ `k„v$ _ Aphu A_¡ qaëdp¡ Qpgu _l].

ApMf¡ Apip_¡ L$V$u `s„N (1970) qaëd dpV¡$ b¡õV$ A¡¼V²¡$k_p¡ A¡hp¡X®$ dþep¡. L$V$u `s„Ndp„ `uX$p_¡ lksp Ql¡f¡ Ry>`phsu eyhsu_p Arc_e Üpfp, gNcN ApMu qaëddp„ ka¡v$ kpX$udp„ kÄS> ApipA¡ gp¡L$p¡_u klp_yc|rs Æsu gu^u. A¡ `pÓdp„ L$v$pQ Apip rkhpe buÆ L$p¡C rlfp¡B__u L$ë`_p _ \C iL¡$.

L$V$u `s„N `R>u 1970_u iê$Apsdp„ Aphu Ap_ rdgp¡ kS>_p, _prkf lzk¡__u L$pfhp„ A_¡ fpS> Mp¡kgp_u d¡fp Np„h d¡fp v¡$i qaëdp¡. `Z s¡ `R>u dydspT A_¡ ird®gp V$pNp¡f S>¡hu bp¡ëX$ A_¡ sfyZ Arc_¡ÓuAp¡_u bp¡gbpgp h^u A¡V$g¡ ApipA¡ L$pd Ap¡Ry>„ L$fu _p¿ey„. s¡dZ¡ rhv¡$idp„ X$pÞk_p ip¡ L$fhp dp„X$ép. 1973dp„ s¡Ap¡ `pR>p„ Apìep„ Ðepf¡ s¡d_u L¡$qfefdp„ `l¡gp„ S>¡hp¡ Å¡i _lp¡sp¡ füp¡.

ApipA¡ `R>u gp¡L$k¡hp_p„ L$pddp„ Ýep_ `fp¡ìey„. kp„sp ¾y$T_u lp¡[õ`V$g dpV¡$ Q¡qfV$u_y„ L$pd L$ey¯. `Z _©Ðe kp\¡_p¡ _psp¡ S>mhpC füp¡. Qp¥gpv¡$hu _pd_u s¡d_u _©Ðe _pqV$L$p M|b â¿eps \C.

rkÑ¡f_p v$peL$pdp„ s¡d_¡ gÁ_ dpV¡$ OZu v$fMpõsp¡ Aphu `Z L„$C Åçey„ _l]. `Z ApipA¡ õhs„Ósp_¡ h^phu gu^u.

fpS> Mp¡kgp_u d¦ sygku s¡f¡ Ap„N_ L$u (1978) A_¡ S>¡. `u. v$Ñp_u qaëd lr\epf (1989) S>¡hu R|>V$uR>hpeu qaëdp¡ L$fu `Z `R>u dp-cpcu_u c|rdL$p dmhp dp„X$u A_¡ ApipA¡ qaëdp¡dp„\u r_h©Ñ \C S>hp_y„ `k„v$ L$ey¯. 1990_u iê$Apsdp„ s¡dZ¡ qaëdu vy$r_ep_¡ kgpd L$fu v$u^u.

`Z s¡ `R>u s¡dZ¡ k¡Þkf bp¡X®$_p„ AÝen sfuL¡$ L$pd L$ey¯. qX$f¡¼V$f b_hp_u BÃR>p `Z `p¡ju. s¡dZ¡ L$p¡fp L$pNT _pd_u V$uhu qkqfeg b_phu, S>¡ kpfu A¡hu kam \C. bp¡guh|X$_u A¡L$ kde_u Ág¡dfk Ng® Apip `pf¡M lh¡ buÆ rkqfeg b_phhpdp„ `fp¡hpC Nep„ R>¡.

Apip `pf¡M_u kudprQl¹_ê$` qaëdp¡
hj®	qaëd	lufp¡
1959	qv$g v¡$L¡$ v¡$Mp¡	içdu L$`|f
1961	S>b àepf qL$ku k¡ lp¡sp l¥	v¡$h Ap_„v$
1964	rTØu	Å¡e dyMfÆ
1966	v$p¡ bv$_	d_p¡S> Ly$dpf
1966	gh B_ V$p¡qL$ep¡	Å¡e dyMfÆ
1966	sukfu d„rTg	içdu L$`|f
1967	D`L$pf	d_p¡S> Ly$dpf
1970	L$V$u `s„N	fpS>¡i MÞ_p
1971	L$pfhp„	rS>s¡ÞÖ
1978	d¦ sygku s¡f¡ Ap„N_ L$u	rhS>e Ap_„v$

Ap `Z hp„Qp¡
k„Æh Ly$dpf : A¡L$ ku^y„kpvy„$ ìe[¼sÐh, KQp v$fÅ_p¡ L$gpL$pf

qX$TpB_ : Dv$e Ly$qL$e_