rh¾$d hL$ug

A¡L$ kde lsp¡ Äepf¡ eyfp¡`-Ad¡qfL$p\u L¡$V$gpe r_óZpsp¡ NyS>fpscfdp„ R>hpe¡gp ÅsÅs_u klL$pfu k„õ\pAp¡ A_¡ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_p dpmMp_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp Aphsp lsp.

ApS>¡ dp^h`yfp L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$_p blpf Aph¡gp Np¡V$pmp `R>u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_u rhðk_uesp srme¡ S>C b¡W$u R>¡. L$Zp®V$L$ A_¡ dlpfpô²$ rkhpe a¼s NyS>fpsdp„ S> klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_y„ dpmMy„ ApV$gu lv¡$ rhL$õey„ R>¡.

Ap`Zp gp¡L$p¡ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$ lp¡e L¡$ buÆ L$p¡C _pZpL$ue k„õ\p lp¡e, L$p¡C `Z `|h® s`pk hNf Ap„^mp¡ rhðpk d|L$u v¡$ R>¡ A_¡ `R>u `p¡L$ d|L$u_¡ fX¡$ R>¡. c|sL$pmdp„ `Z NyS>fpsdp„ rhrh^ _pZpL$ue k„õ\pAp¡ L¡$ `¡Y$uAp¡ L$pQu `X$hp\u fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡A¡ tS>v$Nucf_u d|X$u Nydphu R>¡. Apd R>sp„ _ sp¡ gp¡L$p¡ ÅN°s \pe R>¡, _ sp¡ kfL$pf. kfL$pf A_¡ Aphu _pZpL$ue k„õ\pAp¡ hÃQ¡ kpW$Np„W$ lp¡hp_ue `|fu i¼esp R>¡. qfTh® b¡ÞL$ `Z hp¡QX$p¡N_u `p¡sp_u c|rdL$p c|gu_¡ _pZpL$ue N¡fhluhV L$f_pfu k„õ\pAp¡ kp\¡ Ly$gX$udp„ Np¡m cp„N¡ R>¡ s¡hy„ âÅ_¡ gpN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ `pk¡ Þepe dpNhp dpV¡$ ¼ep„ S>hy„ A¡ khpg d|„Th_pfp¡ R>¡. NyS>fpsdp„ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_p¡ rhL$pk, klL$pfu s¡d S> fpô²$ueL©$s b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ `Z \sp NfbX$-Np¡V$pmp, klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ kÑp d¡mhhp dpV¡$ M¡gpsp fpS>L$pfZ `pR>m_p„ L$pfZp¡, qfTh® b¡ÞL$_u r_[ó¾$esp... S>¡hu bpbsp¡ rhi¡ Al] AprkõV„$V$ A¡qX$V$f rh¾$d hL$ug QQp® L$f¡ R>¡.

kyfs_p„ fdugpbl¡_ ipl¡ \p¡X$p kde `l¡gp„ Npd_y„ dL$p_ h¡Ãey„ lsy„. dL$p_h¡QpZ_p dm¡gp `¥kpdp„\u A¡dZ¡ ê$. 50,000 kyfs_u A¡L$ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$dp„ R> drl_p `l¡gp„ qX$`p¡rTV$ sfuL¡$ d|¼ep lsp. Adv$phpv$_u dp^h`yfp b¡ÞL$_p N¡fhluhV$_¡ L$pfZ¡ qX$`p¡rTV$k®_p `¥kp X|$bsp„ Å¡C_¡ tQspN°õs b_¡gp„ fdugpbl¡_¡ `Z kyfs_u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$dp„\u aV$ v$C_¡ qX$`p¡rTV$ sfuL¡$ d|L¡$gp `¥kp D`pX$u gu^p. fdugpbl¡_ L$l¡ R>¡, ""R>p`p„dp„ b¡ÞL$p¡_p„ DW$dZp„ qhi¡ S>¡ kdpQpfp¡ Aph¡ R>¡ A¡ ÅÎep `R>u lh¡ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„\u dpfp¡ rhïhpk EW$u Nep¡ R>¡. ìepS>_u fL$d Nydphhp_y„ d_¡ `fhX$i¡, `f„sy d|m d|X$u X|$bi¡ sp¡ lz„ ¼ep„ S>Ci?''

Adv$phpv$_p fdrZL$cpC `pf¡M¡ kfL$pfu _p¡L$fudp„\u r_h©Ñ \ep `R>u dm¡gu N°¡ÃeyBV$u A_¡ âp¡rhX$ÞV$$ a„X$_u fL$ddp„\u ê$. 1.50 gpM ÓZ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ qa¼k qX$`p¡rTV$ sfuL¡$ d|¼ep lsp. dp^h`yfp b¡ÞL$ EW$u S>hp_u hps Qpgy \C A¡_p ÓuÅ S> qv$hk¡ A¡dZ¡ b¡ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„\u qX$`p¡rTV$ D`pX$u gu^u A_¡ A¡ fL$d fpô²$ueL©$s b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ d|L$u v$u^u. fdZuL$cpC L$l¡ R>¡, ""dpfp A„NsrdÓ_u tS>v$Nucf_u L$dpZu dp^h`yfp b¡ÞL$dp„ X|$bu S>su Å¡C_¡ lh¡ d_¡ klL$pfu L¡$ Mp_Nu b¡ÞL$ `f cfp¡kp¡ füp¡ _\u. fpô²$ueL©$s b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ `Z N¡ffursAp¡ \pe R>¡, `f„sy L$dk¡ L$d A¡ dpV¡$ kfL$pf S>hpbv$pfu sp¡ g¡i¡.''

klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ A¡L$pv$ V$L$p¡ S>¡V$gy„ ìepS> h^y v¡$ R>¡ s¡\u A_¡L$ dÝedhN}Ap¡ s¡_p\u ApL$jp®sp lsp. s¡d_u qX$`p¡rTV$ Aphsu lsu s¡\u b¡ÞL$p¡e awguapgu lsu.

NyS>fpsdp„ Aph¡gu 312 S>¡V$gu klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_p sdpd \p`Zv$pfp¡_u dp_rkL$sp ApS>¡ fdugpbl¡_ A_¡ fdqZL$cpC S>¡hu S> R>¡. dp^h`yfp b¡ÞL$_p \p`Zv$pfp¡_u \e¡gu lpgs A_¡ ¼gprkL$ L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL¡$ L¡$. A¡g. Qp¡L$ku _pd_u `¡Y$u_¡ L$p¡C `Z rk¼eyqfV$u L¡$ d|X$u hNf Ap`¡gp L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_p `¡-Ap¡X®$k®_y„ L$p¥cp„X$ blpf Apìep `R>u NyS>fpsdp„ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ `f\u fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_p¡ rhðpk X$Nu Åe A¡ õhpcprhL$ R>¡.

`Z dp^h`yfp L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$ S>¡hu fpÄe_u buÅ _„bf_u kp¥\u dp¡V$u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$ Å¡ aX$Qpdp„ S>hp_u s¥epfudp„ lp¡e sp¡ S>¡d_p Q¡fd¡_ L¡$ qX$f¡¼V$fp¡_u d\fphV$u `l¡g¡\u S> d¡gu R>¡ A¡hu b¡ÞL$p¡_p crhóe kpd¡ `Z âï_p\® Ecp \pe A¡dp„ _hpC _\u. klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_u gNpd spZu_¡ fpMhp_u S>hpbv$pfu S>¡d_p dp\¡ R>¡ A¡ qfTh® b¡ÞL$ A_¡ "frS>õV²$pf Ap¡a L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h kp¡kpeV$uT' (Apf.ku.A¡k.) A¡d_u afS> Q|¼ep„ R>¡ A¡ lh¡ gNcN `yfhpf \C Ney„ R>¡.

""NyS>fps_u dp¡V$p cpN_u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_p¡ hluhV$ bp`uL$u `¡Y$u_u S>¡d Qpg¡ R>¡. dp¡V$p cpN_u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ Äepf¡ qfTh® b¡ÞL$ L¡$ L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h kp¡kpeV$u_p frS>õV²$pf_y„ Ap¡qX$V$ L¡$ Q¡qL„$N Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ Q¡qL„$N dpV¡$ Aph¡gp dpZkp¡_¡ v$pê$ A_¡ dfOu_u `pV$}Ap¡ Ap`u_¡ A¡d_p„ NS>hp„ _p¡V$p¡\u cfu v¡$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡A¡ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u rk¼eyqfV$u hNf L$f¡gy„ r^fpZ Ap¡qX$V$fp¡_p Ýep_ `f Aph¡ sp¡ `Z Ap„M ApX$p L$p_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Å¡ Ap¡qX$V$fp¡A¡ TuZhV$\u Q¡qL„$N L$ey¯ lp¡s sp¡ L¡$s_ `pf¡Mhpmy„ L$p¥cp„X$ s¡Ap¡ `L$X$u `pX$u i¼ep lp¡s.'' klL$pfu b¡ÞL$_p A¡L$ c|s`|h® d¡_¡S>f L$l¡ R>¡.

Adv$phpv$_u kyâcps L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$, khp£v$e L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$, kdu spgyL$p L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$, qfrga dL®$ÞV$pBg L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$, h¡fphm_u fÐ_pL$f L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$_¡ aX$Qpdp„ gC S>hp_u L$pe®hplu sp¡ OZp kde\u Qpgy `Z \C NC R>¡. Adv$phpv$_u cpÁegÿdu L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$, klep¡N L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$, h¡fphm_u rhcpÁep _pNqfL$ L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$_¡ aX$Qpdp„ gC S>hp_u L$pe®hplu `Z Qpgu flu R>¡.

dmsp Ap„L$X$p âdpZ¡ NyS>fpsdp„ 93 S>¡V$gu klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ kpd¡ L$p¡C _¡ L$p¡C âL$pf_u s`pk Qpgu flu R>¡. 27 S>¡V$gp qL$õkpAp¡dp„ sp¡ frS>õV²$pf¡ `p¡gukaqfepv$ `Z _p¢^phu R>¡.

\p¡X$p„ hjp£ `l¡gp„ sp¡ kfL$pfu b¡ÞL$, L$qfepZp_u vy$L$p__u S>¡d kl¡gpC\u iê$ \C iL$su lsu. klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ iê$ L$fu_¡ L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_p¡ hluhV$ lp\ `f fpMhp dpV¡$, b¡ÞL$_¡ bp`uL$u rdgL$s kdÆ_¡ NS>hp„ cfhp dpV¡$ A_¡ fpS>L$ue L$pfqL$v$} OX$hp dpV¡$ b¡ÞL$_p¡ `Nr\ep sfuL¡$ D`ep¡N L$fhp dpV¡$ NyS>fpsdp„ OZp g¡cpNyAp¡ fpsp¡fps "b¡ÞL$f' b_u b¡W$p. S>¡d_¡ b¡qL„$N_p r_edp¡ A_¡ L$pev$p_u L$iu NspNd _ lp¡e A¡hu ìe[¼sAp¡ `Z ê$. 30 gpM_y„ d|X$uc„X$p¡m c¡Ny„ L$fu_¡ b¡ÞL$ Qpgy L$fu iL$sp lsp. qfTh® b¡ÞL$_u Y$ugu _ursAp¡_p¡ OZpA¡ vy$fy`ep¡N L$ep£ lsp¡.

klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ ÓZ âL$pf_u lp¡e R>¡.

(1) Ab®_ L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$
(2) rS>ëgp klL$pfu b¡ÞL$
(3) fpÄe klL$pfu b¡ÞL$. kpdpÞe fus¡ dp¡V$p cpN_u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ Ab®_ L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$p¡ lp¡e R>¡.

lh¡ bv$gpe¡gp r_edp¡ âdpZ¡ Ab®_ L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$ õ\p`hp dpV¡$ Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 3,000 ìe[¼sAp¡ kcpkv$ A_¡ gOysd d|X$u ê$. 3 L$fp¡X$ lp¡hu S>ê$fu R>¡.

kpdpÞe fus¡ S>¡ ìe[¼s klL$pfu b¡ÞL$_u õ\p`_p L$f¡ R>¡ A¡ S> ìe[¼s A„s ky^u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$_p AÝen sfuL¡$ fl¡ R>¡. Ap dpV¡$_y„ ku^y„ L$pfZ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ b¡ÞL$_p sdpd kæep¡ A¡dZ¡ `k„v$ L$f¡gp S> lp¡e R>¡. v$f hj£ ep¡Åsu b¡ÞL$_u kpdpÞe Q|„V$Zudp„ AÝen sfuL¡$ b¡ÞL$_p õ\p`L$ S> Q|„V$pC Aph¡ A¡ dpV¡$ b¡ÞL$_p kcpkv$p¡ sfuL¡$ `X$ép¡ bp¡g Tug_pfpAp¡_¡ S> b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ A¡L$ hMs d|X$u_y„ âdpZ _½$u \C Nep `R>u b¡ÞL$_u i¡f L¡$r`V$gdp„ h^pfp¡ L$fpsp¡ _\u. i¡f L¡$q`V$g h^pfhp dpV¡$ _hp kæep¡ b_phhp `X¡$ R>¡. _hp kæep¡ b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Q|„V$Zu v$frdep_ kæep¡ `f_u `L$X$ Y$ugu `X$hp_u k„cph_p h^u Åe R>¡. Ap\u dp¡V$p cpN_u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ Ap¡R>u i¡fd|X$uA¡ L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_p¡ hluhV$ L$e£ fpM¡ R>¡. L$V$p¡L$V$u_p kde¡ Ap _urs S> Å¡Mdu `yfhpf \pe R>¡.

ip¡jZrhlu_ kdpS> dpV¡$ 1904dp„ klL$pfu âh©rÑ_u iê$Aps cpfsdp„ \C lsu. rhð_p 165 v¡$ip¡dp„ klL$pfu âh©rÑ Qpgu flu R>¡. Æq_hp Mps¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue klL$pfu k„O_u õ\p`_p `Z \C R>¡. cpfsdp„ 4 gpM 11 lÅf klL$pfu k„õ\pAp¡ kp\¡ 19 L$fp¡X$ 78 gpM gp¡L$p¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp R>¡.

klL$pfu âh©rÑ_p r_óZps ipdÆcpC Ap„V$pmpA¡ Ap`¡gp Ap„L$X$pAp¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡ëgp `p„Q hj®dp„ _pNqfL$ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_u cf`pC d|X$udp„ 123 V$L$p_p¡, \p`Zp¡dp„ 250 V$L$p_p¡, q^fpZdp„ 268 V$L$p_p¡ A_¡ A_pdsp¡dp„ 365 V$L$p_p¡ h^pfp¡ \ep¡ R>¡. v¡$idp„ 24 _pNqfL$ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_u \p`Zp¡ ê$. 100 L$fp¡X$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>¡d_¡ riX$éyg b¡ÞL$_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ dþep¡ R>¡. Apdp„\u 17 b¡ÞL$p¡ dlpfpô²$_u R>¡ A_¡ NyS>fps_u 5 b¡ÞL$p¡ R>¡. Ap Ap„L$X$pAp¡ bsph¡ R>¡ L¡$ gp¡L$p¡_¡ AÐepf ky^u klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡ `f L¡$V$gp¡ cfp¡kp¡ lsp¡.

A¡L$ sfa b„Ápgp v¡$idp„ kdp„sf kfL$pf_u S>¡d Qpgsu N°pduZ b¡ÞL$ R>¡, Ap b¡ÞL$_p¡ l¡sy drlgpAp¡_¡ rb_ifsu r^fpZ Ap`u `Ncf L$fhp_p¡ R>¡. Ap N°pduZ b¡ÞL$_p kS>®L$$ dp¡lçdv$ ey_yk dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ Nfubp¡_¡ v$ep L¡$ kbqkX$u_u _l], `f„sy kfm gOyr^fpZ_u S>ê$f R>¡.

A¡L$ sfa klL$pfu X¡$fu DÛp¡N Üpfp ð¡s¾$p„rs gph_pf X$p¡. hN}k Ly$qfe_ R>¡. klL$pfu âh©rÑ dpfas¡ A¡dZ¡ X¡$fu DÛp¡Ndp„ cpfs_¡ rhðdp„ â\d õ\p_¡ d|L$u v$u^y„ R>¡.

buÆ sfa dp^h`yfp L$p¡-Ap¡`f¡qV$h b¡ÞL$_p Q¡fd¡_ fd¡i `fuM R>¡, S>¡dZ¡ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_u gp¡L$iplu `Ùrs_u dÅL$ DX$phu_¡ lÅfp¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ _hX$pìep R>¡. h¾$sp A¡ R>¡ L¡$ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_u gp¡L$iplu `Ùrs S> b¡ÞL$p¡ dpV¡$ OpsL$ `yfhpf \C flu R>¡. gNcN v$f¡L$ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ Q¡fd¡_, qX$f¡¼V$fp¡ A_¡ d¡_¡S>f hÃQ¡ kpW$Np„W$ lp¡e R>¡. Al] Q¡fd¡_ A_¡ qX$f¡¼V$fp¡ gp¡L$iplu `Ùrs\u Q|„V$pep lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ c°ô$pQpfuAp¡ dpV¡$ Ap gp¡L$iplu `Ùrs S> Apiuhp®v$ê$` `yfhpf \C flu R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ klL$pfu b¡ÞL$_p dsv$pf i¡flp¡ëX$fp¡ `Z b¡ÞL$_p âdp¡V$fp¡A¡ S> _½$u L$ep® lp¡e R>¡.

(NyS>fps_u klL$pfu A_¡ fpô²ueL©$s b¡ÞL$p¡dp„ \su R>¡sft`X$u_u dp¡X$k Ap¡`f¡ÞX$u, klL$pfu b¡ÞL$p¡_y„ fpS>L$pfZ, klL$pfu b¡ÞL$dp„ kÑp d¡mhhp dpV¡$ \su lz„kpsy„ku rhi¡ Aphsu L$pg¡ hp„Qp¡.)

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?