L$p[Þs cË$

fp¡bV®$ X$u. L$`gp_ Ad¡qfL$p_p ârs[óW$s "A¡V$gp[ÞV$L$' d¡N¡rT_dp„ gM¡ R>¡. Myv$ elwv$u R>¡ R>sp„ s¡Ap¡ BTfpeg_u Apfbp¡ âÐe¡_u _urs_u V$uL$p L$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Ad¡qfL$pdp„ fl¡ R>¡. ìehkpe¡ `ÓL$pf R>¡. Ad¡qfL$pdp„ hksp„ `l¡gp„ s¡Ap¡ BTfpegdp„ lsp A_¡ Ðep„_p r_ed âdpZ¡ 18 hj®_u Jdf¡ rdrgV$fu krh®k L$fhu `X¡$gu. `ÓL$pf sfuL¡$ BTfpeg_¡ s¡Ap¡ M|b S> KX$pZ\u ÅZ¡ R>¡. s¡d_p„ BTfpeg rhi¡_p„ L¡$V$gp„L$ d„sìep¡ ÅZhp S>¡hp„ R>¡. ApS>¡ OZp elwv$u `ÓL$pfp¡ A_¡ g¡ML$p¡ R>¡ S>¡ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ BTfpeg¡ Apfbp¡_¡ AÞepe L$ep£ R>¡. BTfpeg_u buÆ> L¡$V$guL$ hpsp¡ ÅZhp S>¡hu R>¡.

(1) BTfpeg_p gíL$fdp„ ÷u-`yfyj kp\¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. BTfpegu k¥r_L$ s¡_u drlgp k¥r_L$_u L„$C `Z dÅL$ L$f¡ L¡$ s¡_p„ L$p¡dm A„Np¡_¡ õ`i£ sp¡ elwv$u k¥r_L$ R>p¡L$fu L„$C hp„^p¡ g¡su _\u. Aphp AV$L$Qpmp_¡ N„cufsp\u g¡su _\u.

(2) BTfpegdp„ rdrgV$fu-rfTh® rkõV$d lsu A_¡ R>¡. 18 hj®_u Jdf¡ afrS>eps rdrgV$fu krh®k `R>u s¡ kp¡ëS>f_y„ _pd qfTh®dp„ fMpe R>¡, `Z Ap qfTh® rkõV$d _bmu `X$u R>¡. k¡gap¡_ hp`f_pfu Ap^yr_L$ elwv$u âÅ_¡ gX$hpdp„ lh¡ rbgLy$g fk _\u. s¡d_¡ tS>v$Nu cp¡Nhhu R>¡. qfTh® eyr_V$p¡ L$V$p¡L$V$udp„ bfpbf_y„ L$pd L$fsp„ _\u. kpBbf eyN_u âÅ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ lh¡ sp¡ 21du kv$u_¡ cp¡Nhhp_p¡ Ap kde R>¡, gX$hp_p¡ _l].

(3) friep A_¡ buÅ v¡$ip¡dp„\u _hp _hp elwv$u BTfpegdp„ Apìep, s¡Ap¡ dp„X$ dp„X$ afrS>eps rdrgV$fu krh®k L$f¡ R>¡. BTfpegdp„ iê$_p„ hjp£dp„ kdpS>hpv$u A\®s„Ó lsy„. M¡suhpX$udp„ klL$pfu d„X$muAp¡ lsu. s¡ rhQpf lh¡ _ô$ \ep¡ R>¡. lh¡ lpBV¡$L$ A\®s„Ó R>¡ A_¡ lpBV¡$L$ k¥Þe R>¡. BTfpegu rdrgV$fudp„ N„cufsp\u gX$_pfp dpÓ Qyõs elwv$uAp¡ R>¡. L$p¡çb¡V$ eyr_V$dp„ ^prd®L$ elwv$uAp¡ S> R>¡. s¡ b^p elwv$uAp¡ dpV¡$_u ^prd®L$ eyr_hrk®V$u_p N°¡ÄeyA¡V$p¡ R>¡. ^d®_p T_|_ rkhpe_p BTfpeguAp¡_¡ dp¡Ægy„ Æh_ Æhhy„ R>¡.

(4) Al] kMs dS|>fu rhv¡$i_p dS|>fp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. BTfpegu M¡sfdp„ \pBg¡ÞX$_p M¡sdS|>fp¡ R>¡. L$ÞõV²$¼i_ DÛp¡Ndp„ fp¡dpr_ep_p gp¡L$p¡ R>¡. g¡b¡_uT R>p¡L$fuAp¡ BTfpegu il¡f_u lp¡V¡$gp¡dp„ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. Å¡X®$__p lÅfp¡ Apfbp¡ s¡d_p rhTp_u dyv$s `|fu \ep `R>u `Z BTfpegdp„ flu Nep R>¡.

BTfpeg_y„ A\®s„Ó AÐepf¡ s¡Ædp„ R>¡ s¡_p¡ gpc rhv¡$i_p gp¡L$p¡ DW$phhp gpÁep R>¡. NyS>fpsuAp¡_u hkrs s¡gArhhdp„ h^su Åe R>¡.

(5) s¡Ægp A\®s„Ó_p¡ gpc g¡_pfp el|v$uAp¡ eyÙ BÃR>sp _\u. Ap b^p BÃR>¡ L¡$ `¡g¡õV$pB_ kp\¡ ip„rs\u L$pd g¡hpdp„ Aph¡. BTfpegu_¡ eyÙ `R>u buÆ tQsp lp¡e sp¡ s¡d_u dp¡V$fL$pfp¡ blz Qp¡fpe R>¡ s¡_u R>¡.

fp¡bV®$ X$u. L$`gp_ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, "S>¡_¡ S>¡_¡ lz„ dmy„y> Ry>„ s¡ BTfpegu `p¡sp_u dp¡V$f Qp¡fpep_u hps â\d L$f¡ R>¡. dp¡V$f_u Qp¡fu ÅZ¡ fpô²$ue dyØp¡ b_u Nep¡ R>¡. `¡g¡õV$pB_ âv¡$idp„ fl¡_pfp A¡L$ el|v$u ^d®Nyfy_u dp¡V$f Qp¡fpC NC. s¡dZ¡ epkf Afpaps_u gpNhN gNphu. buS>¡ qv$hk¡ s¡d_u dp¡V$f dmu NC.'

(6) BTfpegu rk¼eyqfV$u krh®k Aphu Qp¡fu AV$L$phhp L„$C L$fsu _\u. dp¡V$p cpN¡ b¡L$pf Apfbp¡ dp¡V$f_u Qp¡fu L$f¡ R>¡. OZp gp¡L$p¡ dÅL$dp„ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ Apfb gp¡L$p¡_¡ Qp¡fu L$fhp_y„ lp\¡ L$fu_¡ L$Þk¡i_ A`pe R>¡ A¡V$g¡ Apfbp¡ buÆ tlkp_u âh©rÑ L$fsp„ AV$L¡$. hmu S>¡_u L$pf Qp¡fpC Åe s¡ _hu L$pf Mfuv¡$ A¡V$g¡ _hu L$pf_p h¡`pf_¡ h¡N dm¡ R>¡. Aphu Ås_y„ rhrQÓ kdp^p_ L$fpe R>¡.

Ap `°L$pf_u OZu _¡N¡qV$h h©rÑAp¡\u BTfpeguAp¡ `uX$pe R>¡. s¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ s¡d_¡ eyÙ M`sy„ _\u. s¡\u S> hX$p â^p_ A¡lzv$ bpfpL$ ip„rs dpV¡$ âdyM [¼gÞV$__u dv$v$ g¡hp BrS>às v$p¡X$ép lsp.

(7) ku-Ap¡a-N¡rggu _pd_p Vy$qfõV$ rhõspfdp„ BTfpegu A_¡ Apfb hÃQ¡_p eyÙ_¡ bv$g¡ BTfpegu A_¡ rÀõsuAp¡ hÃQ¡ gX$pC Qpg¡ R>¡. Al] rÀõsu QQ® `pk¡ dy[õgdp¡ `p¡sp_u d[õS>v$ fpsp¡fps Ecu L$f¡ R>¡. Al] Apfb hp¡Qd¡_ `pk¡ `Z k¡gap¡_ lp¡e R>¡.

(8) N¡rggudp„ ky`f dpL£$V$dp„ el|v$uAp¡ A_¡ Apfbp¡ A¡L$kp\¡ ip¡t`N L$f¡ R>¡, `Z s¡gArhh il¡f_u ky`f dpL£$V$dp„ L¡$ S>¡fykg¡ddp„ Aphy„ klL$pf_y„ hpsphfZ _\u.

(9) fpdpëgpl _pd_p rhõspfdp„ Äep„ b¡ BTfpeguAp¡_¡ Apfbp¡A¡ V$uQu _p¿ep A_¡ s¡dp„\u eyÙ S>¡hu lpgs `¡v$p \C s¡ fpdpëgpl h¡õV$ b¡ÞL$_p¡ rhõspf R>¡. s¡ epkf Afpaps_y„ A_Ap¡qarieg fpS>^p_u_y„ il¡f R>¡. fpdpëgpl M|b S> kd©Ù R>¡. T_|_u Apfbp¡\u cf¡gy„ R>¡. BrS>às_u ip„rshpsp® A_¡ epkf Afpaps kp\¡ k„r^ (dp¥rML$) \ep R>sp„ ApS>¡ 19du Ap¡¼V$p¡bf ky^u sp¡ap_ Qpgy R>¡.

1980dp„ fpdpëgpldp„ elwv$uAp¡ R|>V$\u afsp, lh¡ A¡hy„ _\u. cpÁe¡ S> L$p¡C elwv$u Al] v¡$Mpe R>¡, `Z lh¡ Apfbp¡_p a¡Þku rhgp Ðep„ v¡$Mpe R>¡. Ðep„_p„ ip¡t`N k¡ÞV$fp¡dp„ _hp„ rX$TpB_f h÷p¡, Bg¡¼V²$p¡r_L$_p„ kp^_p¡ A_¡ kp¡qa[õV$L¡$V¡$X$ `¡g¡õV$pB_u Apfbp¡ O|dsp v¡$Mpe R>¡. qX$k¡çbf, 1999dp„ `Z fpdpëgpl_p Afbu eyr_hrk®V$u_p rhÛp\}Ap¡A¡ dp¡V$fL$pfdp„\u elwv$u kp¡ëS>f_¡ M¢Qu_¡ `Õ\f\u V$uQu V$uQu_¡ dpfu _p¿ep¡ lsp¡.

fp¡bV®$ X$u. L$`gp_ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ BTfpegu Vy$qfõV$p¡ rldpgedp„ afhp Åe `Z fpdpëgpldp„ afL$hp_u-Mfuv$u L$fhp S>hp_u rl„ds L$fsp _\u. 1987_p qX$k¡çbf\u `¡g¡õV$pB_ õV¡$V$ qX$a¡¼V$p¡ Adgdp„ R>¡. Å¡L¡$ L$pev¡kf `¡g¡õV$pB_ ApTpv$ \ey„ _\u. `¡g¡õV$pB_u `p¡guk_¡ blz _p_p„ i÷p¡ S >fpMhp v¡$hpe R>¡.

s¡gAhuh lufp_p h¡`pfuAp¡_y„ A_¡ kp¡ãV$h¡f DÛp¡N_y„ il¡f R>¡. Al] s¡gAhuh-l¥ap_p kdyÖL$p„W¡$ dëV$urdrge_ X$p¡gf_u kp¡ãV$h¡f L„$`_uAp¡ R>¡. k¢L$X$p¡ BÞV$f_¡V$_u L„$`_u R>¡. s¡gAhuh_u dp\pv$uW$ AphL$ hj£ 17,000 X$p¡gf R>¡. `pg_`yfu lufp_p h¡`pfuAp¡ 2,000_u k„¿epdp„ s¡gAhuh il¡fdp„ R>¡. s¡gAhuh_p _pNqfL$_u kf¡fpi AphL$ hj£ g„X$__p _pNqfL$ S>¡V$gu R>¡. Al] NyS>fpsuAp¡ kp¥\u h^y L$dpe R>¡.

s¡gAhuh ApMy„ il¡f cp¥rsL$hpv$u R>¡. `¥kp¡ S> ^d® R>¡. 28\u 30 hj®_u a¡i_¡bg BTfpegu ÷uAp¡ k¡¼ku X²¡$k `l¡f¡ R>¡. A¡L$ V¡$¼ku X²$pBhf L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ dp¡X$_® elwv$u `Ð_u_¡ Myi fpMhp `yfyj¡ 3 Ås_u 3 `pmu_u _p¡L$fu L$fhu `X¡$. Al] BV$prge_ A¡fgpBÞk R>¡ S>¡ friep_p„ ANpD_p„ OV$L$ fpÄep¡_p„ il¡fp¡dp„ dykpafu L$fph¡ R>¡.

s¡gAhuhdp„ _hu _hu ky`f dpL£$V$ v$f R> drl_¡ Ecu \pe R>¡. Al] gp¡L$p¡_¡ Apfbp¡ kp\¡ eyÙ M`sy„ _\u. fp¡dpr_ep A_¡ _pBÆqfep_p dS|>fp¡_¡ Al] N¡õV$ hL®$k® L$l¡ R>¡, s¡ kpfy„ L$dpe R>¡. s¡ gp¡L$p¡ T|„`X$`Ë$u-L$pQp„ dL$p_p¡dp„ fl¡ R>¡ `Z V$uhu-rhqX$ep¡ b^y„$ S> hp`f¡ R>¡. k¡gap¡_ Al] W¡$f W¡$f v¡$Mpe R>¡.

BTfpeg kd©Ù \sy„ S>i¡ s¡d s¡d kuqfep_p Apfbp¡ `Z Al] L$pd L$fhp Aphi¡. s¡\u kuqfep v¡$i _bmp¡ `X$i¡. BTfpeg_¡ eyÙdp„ _ OkX$pe sp¡ s¡ kd©rÙ\u g\b\ \i¡ s¡hy„ fp¡bV®$ L$`gp_ dp_¡ R>¡. `¡g¡õV$pB_u Apfbp¡ lÆ Nfubudp„ R>¡. s¡d_¡ eyÙ L$fhp\u L„$C Nydphhp_y„ _\u A¡V$g¡ k„Oj® L$v$u AV$L$hp_p¡ _\u.

^ fp¡X$ Vy$ d½$p

rgep¡`p¡ëX$ h¡T _pd_p¡ eyhp_ `p¡g¡ÞX$_p il¡f "gphp¡'dp„ 1900dp„ S>Þçep¡ lsp¡. A¡L$ s¡ A¡L$ elwv$u ^d®Nyfy_p¡ `p¥Ó lsp¡. 1922dp„ lÆ `¡g¡õV$pB_ "ApTpv$' _lp¡sy„ \ey„ L¡$ rnqsS>dp„ `¡g¡õV$pB_ v¡$Mpsy„ _lp¡sy„ Ðepf¡ rgep¡`p¡ëX$ h¡T s¡_p L$pL$p_¡ dmhp ApS>¡ Äep„ `¡g¡õV$pB_ R>¡ s¡ rhõspfdp„ Nep¡. s¡_p L$pL$p S>¡fykg¡d_u A¡L$ kpBqL$e¡qV²L$ lp¡[õ`V$gdp„ sbub lsp. A¡ `R>u rgep¡`p¡ëX$ h¡T DÑf ApqäL$p A_¡ kpDv$u Af¡rbepdp„ dykpafu L$fhp dp„X$ép¡. fZ_u tS>v$Nu Æhhp gpÁep¡. A¡ Bõgpd ^d®\u ApL$jp®ep¡ A_¡ Aphu fMXy$ tS>v$Nudp„ Bõgpd ^d®_p¡ Aæepk L$ep® `R>u `p¡sp_y„ ^d®`qfhs®_ L$fu_¡ _pd dp¡lçdv$ Apkpv$ fp¿ey„. s¡ Apfb ÷u_¡ `fÎep¡ A_¡ `R>u dy[õgd sfuL¡$ d½$p_u lS> `Y$hp Nep¡.

blz S> Ap¡R>p Np¡fp gp¡L$p¡A¡ d½$p_u lS> L$fu R>¡. d½$p A_¡ dv$u_pdp„ AÞe ^d}_¡ d½$p-dv$u_p_p ^prd®L$ õ\m¡ âh¡ihp_u R|>V$ _\u. rgep¡`p¡ëX¡$ ApMy„ Af¡rbep A_¡ rgrbep_y„ fZ M|„v$u _p¿ey„ lsy„. rgep¡`p¡ëX¡ `R>u kpDv$u Af¡rbep_p fpÅ tL$N Aåvy$g ATuT Bå_ kpDv$ kp\¡ v$p¡õsu L$fu. fpÅ_p¡ A¡gQu b_u_¡ s¡ vy$r_epdp„ afhp gpÁep¡.

`pqL$õsp__¡ A¡L$ BõgprdL$ v¡$i b_hp_u â¡fZp Ap hV$gpe¡gp elwv$uA¡ Ap`u lsu. hV$gpe¡gp Mp¡ÅA¡ `pqL$õsp_ Ecy„ L$ey¯ A_¡ hV$gpe¡gp el|v$uA¡ `pqL$õsp_ Ecy„ L$fhpdp„ dv$v$ L$fu. Ap hps_u blz Ap¡R>p gp¡L$p¡_¡ Mbf li¡ L¡$ Ap hV$gpe¡gp elwv$u rgep¡`p¡ëX¡ dp¡lçdv$ Apkpv$ _pd ^pfZ L$fu_¡ fpô²$k„Odp„ `pqL$õsp__y„ ârsr_r^Ðh `Z L$f¡gy„.

dp¡lçdv$ Apkpv$ sfuL¡$ ^d®`qfhs®_ L$ep® `R>u s¡_p r`spA¡ dp¡lçdv$ Apkpv$_¡ (rgep¡`p¡ëX_¡) dmhp_u kyÝ^p„ _p `pX$u v$u^u. r`sp dfsp„ ky^u dýep S> _l], `Z `Óìehlpf Qpgy füp¡. `p¡g¡ÞX$dp„ _pTu L¡$ç`dp„ dp¡lçdv$ Apkpv$_p r`sp A_¡ bl¡_ dfu Nep„. A¡ `R>u dp¡lçdv$ Apkpv¡$ "^ fp¡X$ Vy d½$p' _pd_u ApÐdL$\p gMu. s¡dp„\u Ap rhNsp¡ dmu R>¡.

Ap`_¡ Ap g¡M L$¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?