Apd sp¡ ApS>¡ bÅfdp„ h¡QpZ dpV¡$ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p sl¡hpfp¡ Ål¡fMbfp¡ Üpfp hpS>spNpS>sp Aph¡¡ R>¡. Ap v$f¡L$ sl¡hpf_p d|mdp„ L$p¡CL$ L$\p lp¡e R>¡ A\hp L$p¡C Ly$v$fs_p ¾$d_u DS>hZu lp¡e R>¡. ^fsudp„\u awV¡$gy„ A_pS> `pL¡$ Ðepf¡ Ap`Z¡ Ðep„ dpspÆ_p¡ _hfprÓ dlp¡Ðkh Aph¡ R>¡. d^k® X¡-dps©qv$_-Ap`Zu OfNÕ\y dpsp_p¡ qv$hk R>¡ A_¡ A¡_p„ d|m Ad¡qfL$pdp„ R>¡. bm¡hdp„ bl¡__¡ c¡V$ Ap`p¡ A_¡ h¡g¡ÞV$pB__p qv$_¡ â¡rdL$p-â¡du L¡$ rdÓ_¡ c¡V$ Ap`p¡ A¡hu QuS>hõsy_u Ål¡fMbfp¡_u S>¡d dps©qv$_ `Z lh¡ MQp®mspdp„ v¡$Mp v$¡ R>¡. A¡_p„ d|mdp„ Ad¡qfL$p_u A¡L$ d|m hs_u ÷uA¡ dp„X¡$gu âh©rÑ R>¡.

C. k. 1858dp„ A¡_p Årh®k _pd_u Ap drlgpA¡ "dps©L$pe® rv_$'_p¡ Apf„c L$ep£. `l¡gy„ L$pe® lsy„ Ål¡f N„v$L$u_u kapC \pe A_¡ NV$f hN¡f¡ Qp¡Mp„ fl¡ s¡_u sL¡$v$pfu fpMhp_y„, Ad¡qfL$p_p _¡i_g rlõV$fu `°p¡S>¡¼V$dp„\u dprlsu dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡_p Årh®k ×Y `Z¡ dp_su lsu L¡$ dpspAp¡ kp¥\u kpfu kpdprS>L$ _¡sp b_u iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ kdpS>¡ s¡d_p `°v$p__y„ blzdp_ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. A¡_p Årh®k_u v$uL$fu_y„ _pd `Z lsy„ A¡_p Årh®k. Ap A¡_p Sy>r_ef¡ `p¡sp_u dpsp_p Ahkp_ `R>u kdpS> dpsp_y„ dlÒh kdS>¡ s¡ dpV¡$_u Ty„b¡i Qpgy fpMu. Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ QQ®dp„ dps©qv$_ d_phhp_p¡ iê \ep¡. ApMf¡ 1907dp„ d¡ dpk_p¡ buÅ¡ frhhpf dps©qv$_ Ål¡f \ep¡. lh¡ S|>__p¡ ÓuÅ¡ frhhpf r`sp_p qv$hk sfuL¡$ `Z d_phpe R>¡.

dps©qv$__u A¡L$ `f„`fp rhïhip„rs_u Qmhmdp„\u Aph¡ R>¡. eyfp¡`dp„ äp„k A_¡ S>d®_u hÃQ¡ gp¡rlepm eyÙp¡ \C Q|¼ep„ lsp„. Qpf¡L$p¡f fpô$²uesp_¡ _pd¡ dpfapX$ \su lsu. s¡ L$pm¡ õÓuAp¡_p dspr^L$pf dpV¡$ gX$su A_¡ ip„rshpv$u Ad¡qfL$_ L$hreÓu Sy>rgep hp¡X®$ lp¡h_¡ gpÁey„ L¡$ eyÙ\u dp_hÅs_¡ bQphhp dpspAp¡A¡ blpf `X$hy„ Å¡CA¡ L$pfZ L$¡ A¡d_¡ S> Mbf R>¡ L¡$ Aphu Å_dpg_u lpr_ A¡V$g¡ iy„. õÓuAp¡A¡ eyÙMp¡fu_p fpS>L$pfZdp„ v$MgNufu L$fhp_p¡ kde Aphu Q|¼ep¡ R>¡. C. k. 187f\u A¡d_p `°cph_¡ gu^¡ bp¡õV$_dp„ A_¡ buÅ„ õ\mp¡A¡ dps©qv$_ A¡ ip„rsqv$_ sfuL¡$ ES>hpep¡, Å¡L¡$ `°\d rhïheyÙ `l¡gp„ A¡ DÐkh b„^ \C Ne¡gp¡. lh¡ dps©qv$__¡ L$pX® A_¡ c¡V$kp¡Npv$_p b„^_dp„\u dy¼s L$fu rdrge_ d^k® dpQ®_y„ Apep¡S>_ \ey„. dpsp_u kpdprS>L$ c|rdL$p_¡ `°p^pÞe Ap`su Ad¡qfL$_ drlgpAp¡A¡ hp¡qi„ÁV$_ X$u. ku. dpQ® L$fu_¡ S>hp_p¡ àgp_ L$f¡gp¡ L¡$ b„v|$L$p¡_p h¡`pfuAp¡_u _pNQ|X$dp„\u kdpS>_¡ bQphp¡, Adpfp„ bpmL$p¡_¡ ipmpdp„ S> Np¡muA¡ QX$sp„ AV$L$php¡. kpW$_p v$peL$pdp„ dprV®$_ ëey\f qL„$N Sy>r_ef_u ApN¡hp_u l¡W$m gpMp¡ L$pmp Ad¡qfL$_p¡ (A_¡ s¡d_p L¡$V$gpL$ Np¡fp V¡$L¡$v$pfp¡) Ap fus¡ f„Nc¡v$_p rhfp¡^dp„ hp¡qi„ÁV$_ X$u.ku. ip„rs dp¡fQp¡ gC Ne¡gp. Ap hMs¡ dpspAp¡_¡, drlgpAp¡_¡ L¡$hp¡ `°rskpv$ dþep¡ s¡_p kdpQpf lÆ dmsp _\u.

Ad¡qfL$pdp„ hkhpV$ L$fsp Ap`Zp gp¡L$p¡ Al] hksu `p¡sp_u dpsp, v$pv$u L¡$ buÆ hX$ug õÓu_¡ dps©qv$_ L$pX®$ dp¡L$ghp dp„X$ép Ðepf¡ Ap A¡L$ Ap¡f sl¡hpf cpfsue Of Of_p L¡$g¡ÞX$fdp„ Dd¡fpep¡.

Ap qv$hk AgbÑ dpÓ "S>__u_u Å¡X$ kMu _l] S>X$¡ f¡ gp¡g'_p„ NpZp„ Nphp_p¡ _\u, `Z k„sp__p Æh_dp„ S>_d\u `Z ANpD gp¡lu f¡X$u `°pZ `|fsu dpsp_p ep¡Nv$p__¡ kdS>hp dpV¡$_p¡ R>¡. dps©qv$_ A¡ A¡L$ drlgp Np¥fhqv$_ R>¡. drlgp dpÓ dpsp_u c|rdL$pdp„ _\u. A¡d L$fhy„ s¡ õÓu_p buÅ„ õhê`p¡_¡ AÞepe L$fhp_u `¡fhu R>¡. buÆ bpSy> bp`_p„ _pd `p„Q`Quk `¡Yu ky^u epv$ fpMhp„ A_¡ dpsp_u õd©rs _pdi¡j `Z _ fpMhu A¡ `¡Yu v$f`¡Yu Qpëep¡ Aphsp¡ `°`„Q R>¡.

dpsp_u õd©rs `p¡sp_p A[õsÐhdp„ Åmhu fpMhp_p¡ spÅ¡ Ål¡f v$pMgp¡ qaëdL$pf k„S>e gugp cZkpmu_p _pd\u gp¡L$p¡_¡ v¡$Mpep¡. hpõshdp„ Ap\u OZp„ hj® ANpD L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡A¡ dpÓ A„Ns _l], `Z `p¡sp_u kpdprS>L$ kdS>\u `p¡sp_p _pd Å¡X¡$ dpsp_y„ _pd Å¡X¡gy„ R>¡. AÐepf¡ rh¿eps b_¡gp„ hL$ug ãg¡rhep A¡Á_¡k A¡L$ S>dp_pdp„ `rs_u dpfT|X$_p¡ cp¡N b_¡gu N©rlZu sfuL¡$ Æhsp„ lsp„. _pfu AÐepQpfrhfp¡^u d„Qdp„ A¡ L$pe®L$sp® sfuL¡$ 1980dp„ Å¡X$pep„ A_¡ AÞe kp\u bl¡_p¡_u dv$v$\u _pfu L¡$ÞÖ _pd_y„, `p¡sp_p S>¡hu õÓuAp¡_¡ klpeê` \hp_y„ L¡$ÞÖ iê L$ey¯. iêApsdp„ buÅ _pd¡ `p¡sp_u L$\_u gMu L$pfZ L¡$ Ap kdõep_¡ s¡ hMs¡ lÆ ìeh[õ\s _pfuk„Oj®_p dyØp sfuL¡$ hpQp Ap¡R>u dmu lsu. õhs„Ó _pd¡ L$pe® iê L$fsu hMs¡ iy„ L$fhy„? L¡$V$gp¡L$ kde dpÓ ãg¡rhep sfuL¡$ g¿ey„. ¾|f A_¡ OpsL$u `rs_p _pd_u Ap¡mM `p¡sp_¡ fpMhu _lp¡su. \ey„ L¡$ r`sp_u AV$L$ afu\u hp`fhu iê L$fhu. `R>u \ey„ L¡$ r`sp lp¡e L¡$ `rs, `f„sy AV$L$p¡ `yfyj`°^p__u S> hplL$ R>¡. dpsp_y„ _pd AÁ_¡k lsy„ s¡ `p¡sp_p _pd kp\¡ Å¡X$u v$u^y„.

"1984dp„ \pZpdp„ dpfp Of `pk¡ d¢ lzëgX$dp„ gOydsuAp¡_p„ Of S>gsp„ Å¡ep„. lz„ kgpds lsu. dpfu AV$L$ `fp„S>`¡ lsu A¡V$g¡ lz„ b°pûZ Ry>„ A¡ Ål¡f \sy„ lsy„. v$rgsp¡_¡ \sp AÞepedp„ `Z d_¡ L$p¡C Npm _ v¡$. AV$L$ oprshpv$_u r_ip_u R>¡. ^d®_¡ _pd¡ fpS>L$pfZdp„ `Z _pd A_¡ AV$L$\u gp¡L$p¡ dpf MpC Åe R>¡. dpf¡ bv$gph gphhp¡ lsp¡. _pd sp¡ k„õL©$sdp„ S> lsy„. TpTp¡ a¡f \pe s¡d _lp¡sy„. dpfp Æh_dp„ dpfu dpsp_p dlÒh_¡ d¡„ ¼ep„ ApL$pf Ap`¡gp¡? A¡_u Ap¡mM_¡ d¡„ dpfp _pd kp\¡ kp„L$mu gu^u.' A¡d õhprsÅ d_p¡fdp L$l¡ R>¡. õhprsÅ õÓu õhpõÕe A_¡ dp_hlLp¡_p n¡Ó¡ g¡ML$ A_¡ L$d®iug R>¡. gsp A_¡ fhuÞÖ hmu Sy>v$u fus¡ Ap k¢V$ud¡„ÞV$ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. b„_¡A¡ oprsk|QL$ AV$L$ d|L$u v$u^u. gsp dpspr`sp_p _pd Å¡X¡$ lh¡ gsp `°rscp d^yL$f R>¡ A_¡ A¡ S> fus¡ fhuÞÖ R>¡ fhuÞÖ fy[¼dZu$ `„Yfu_p\. A¡_p\u ¼epf¡L$ Np¡V$pmp S>êf hm¡ R>¡. gsp_¡ L$p¡C rdrkk d^yL$f kdS>¡ R>¡ A_¡ fhuÞÖ_¡ rdõV$f `„Yfu_p\. hjp¡® `yfpZu _ursfurs A_¡ kv$uAp¡ `yfpZp¡ A¡d_¡ dm¡gp¡ ^d®-ipk_ hN¡f¡_p¡ V¡$L$p¡ R>¡. dpmMpNs a¡fapf Aph¡ s¡ ANpD Aphp `°ep¡Np¡ \pe R>¡ S. Ap ìe[¼sAp¡_p„ bpmL$p¡ L$C fus¡ _pd d|L$i¡, Adgv$pfiplu_¡ bv$gpsp„ blz hpf gpNi¡ A¡V$g¡ dp\pL$|V$ OZu \i¡. s¡ R>sp„ dpsp_p _pd_u bpv$bpL$u L¡$V$gp„ hj® ky^u Qpgy fpMu iL$pe?

ApS>¡ S>¡ L$p„C _hy„ A_¡ `°Nrsiug lsy„ s¡ `°pQu_ cpfsdp„ kp¥ `l¡g¡\u lsy„ A¡hu ×rô$\u OZp L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ k„sp_p¡ dpsp_p _pd¡ `Z Ap¡mMpsp„. Sy>Ap¡ "L$p¦s¡e' A¡Vg¡ Ly„$su`yÓ, õÓuAp¡ bp`_u Ap¡mM kpQhu iL$su. `p„Qpgu A¡V$g¡ `„Qpg `°v¡$i_u `yÓu. Ap `°\p `f afu _S>f L$fuA¡ sp¡ v¡$Mpi¡ L¡$ fS>hpX$p„dp„ L¡$ Adufp¡_p Of¡ `yfyj OZu `Ð_uAp¡_¡ `fZsp. L$ep¡ `yÓ L$C `Ð_u\u \ep¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap¡mM Åfu fpMhp s¡_y„ A¡L$ _pd dpsp_p _pd kp\¡ Å¡X$hy„ `X¡$ s¡dp„ iu _hpC? s¡ S> fus¡ gÁ_ A¡ Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ fpÄep¡ L¡$ `qfhpfp¡ kp\¡ _psp¡ Å¡X$hp_u qL$°ep `Z lsu. N„^pf v¡$i_u Ly„$hfu Np„^pfu A_¡ `„Qpg_u `p„Qpgu. hu. ip„spfpd_u S|>_u qaëd "su_ bÑu Qpf fpõsp'dp„ b_pfkhpgu, bçbBhpgu A¡ fus¡ hlzAp¡_u Ap¡mMpZ epv$ fMpC R>¡. dp¡V$p„ kNp„_u epv$u b_¡ Ðepf¡ hpshpsdp„ agpZphpmp_¡ Y]L$Zphpmp bp¡gpe R>¡. õÓuAp¡A¡ gÁ_ `R>u bp`_y„ _pd d|L$u `rs_u AV$L$ fpMhu A¡ qfhpS> rM°õsu QQ® A_¡ `qòdu kpd°pÄehpv$uAp¡ `pk¡\u Ap`Z_¡ dm¡gp¡ R>¡. dpfp„ hX$kpky krhsp dp¡l_gpg sfuL¡$ `p¡sp_¡ Ap¡mMphsp„. `rs_y„ _pd lsy„ Ap_„v$i„L$f, `Z s¡ sp¡ bp¡gpe _l]. L$p¡C `|R>¡ sp¡ iy„ L$l¡hy„? ¼epf¡L$ "Ap i„L$f' L¡$ "B i„L$f' L$l¡sp (_pd Ap_„v$i„L$f lsy„), `Z dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ sp¡ krhsp dp¡l_gpg S>. A¡ L$p„C _pfuhpv$u S>¡lpv$ _lp¡su, A¡d_u S|>_u `f„`fp lsu. S|>_p rdgp¡_p f¡L$p¡X®$dp„ L$pdv$pf õÓuAp¡_p„ _pd gÿdubpC Ap_„v$u L¡$ bp`ybl¡_ `pfhsu S>¡hp„ _pd dm¡ L¡$d L¡$ dpsp (L¡$ kpky)_u _p¡L$fu v$uL$fu_¡ `R>u\u dmsu.

ANpD_p g¡Mp¡

il¡f_u qL„$ds `p__p Nëgp_u k„¿ep\u _l] `f„sy `yõsL$pge_u k„¿ep\u \hu Å¡CA¡ Æh_dp„\u dpsp_y„ âv$p_ R>¡L$u _pMhp_p¡ â`„Q

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?