Static electricity is the buildup of electric charge on the surface of an object, usually caused by friction between two different materials. This charge stays in one place (static) rather than flowing like current in a wire.
Static shocks are more common in dry weather, especially in winter or in air-conditioned rooms. That's because moisture in the air usually helps dissipate electric charge. In dry conditions, there's less water vapour, so the static electricity remains on your body longer.
When your body is charged and you touch metallic or conductive surfaces (like a doorknob, a car door or a metal elevator button), it completes the circuit. The stored charge instantly flows from your body to the object, and you feel it as a sudden zap or tiny shock.
As we move around, our body constantly comes in contact with other materials -- clothes, chairs, or even the floor. When two surfaces rub together, electrons (which are negatively-charged particles) may transfer from one surface to another. This creates a static charge on your body.
Wearing certain fabrics -- especially synthetics like polyester, nylon, fleece -- can cause more friction as they rub against your skin or each other. This friction leads to the transfer of electrons and more static buildup and you see sparks when you take off clothing, especially woollens.
Rubber or plastic soles on shoes act as insulators, preventing the static charge from flowing into the ground. Because your body can’t release this excess charge naturally, it keeps accumulating. When you touch something grounded or conductive, it suddenly releases, causing a shock.
Handling plastic items, sitting on synthetic chairs or using certain electronic devices can also transfer charge to your body. These materials don’t let the charge flow away easily, so when you touch something metal or another person, the discharge happens quickly... and you feel the shock.
Even simple actions like walking, running, or shifting position in a chair cause repeated friction between your body, clothes and surroundings. This constant motion keeps charging your body with static electricity. The more movement, the more charge can build up.