am_Jmonmb d_m Zo h_oem ~mH$s ~mbrdwS> Ho$ aJ _| aJZm _Oya Zht {H$`m& nhbo Ch| ~obJm_ `pV _mZm OmVm Wm& AmO {~Zm JmZm| H$s {\$_ "^yV' (AO` XodJZ, C{_bm _mVm|S>H$a, \$aXrZ ImZ, aoIm, ZmZm nmQ>oH$a, gr_m {~dmg, {dQ>a ~ZOu) Ho$ {bE Chm|Zo CX`moJ H$s OS>Vm H$mo {\$a go {hbm {X`m h&
{H$gr H$mo C_rX Zht Wr {H$ ~mbrdwS> H$s {\$_ {Z_mU H$mo H$B H$R>moa nanamAm| Ho$ {dnarV ~Zr ^yV AmgV H$mamo~ma H$aoJr, CgH$m {hQ> gm{~V hmoZm Vmo Xya H$s ~mV g_Pr JB Wr&
Bg AJUr {ZX}eH$ go gw^mf Ho$ Pm Zo ZB {Xem XoZodmbr {\$_ Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV H$s&
`m Amn "^yV' Ho$ g\$b hmo OmZo go M{H$V h?
AJa _ VWmH${WV {deofkm| Ho$ H$ho na MbVm Vmo "^yV' H$s g\$bVm H$s JwOmBe Zht Wr& AJa H$moB ^yV Ogr H$moB `moJm_H$ Omo{I_ boVm h Ama dh g\$b hmo OmVr h Vmo n> h {H$ {H$gr H$mo AnZo H$m_ na {ddmg hmoZo H$s nw{> hmo OmVr h& N>moQ>o ~OQ> (6.5 H$amoS> n`o bJ^J 13 bmI 90 hOma A_oarH$s S>mba) H$s {\$_ ^yV H$s ewdmV 3040 H$amoS> n`o (64 bmI 85 bmI S>mba) Ho$ ~OQ> dmbr ~S>r {\$_m| {OVZr ~S>r ahr&
^yV {dO`r ahr h& `h Vmo {g\$ bm^ H$s {dembVm H$m Z h& {\$_ H$m IM ew Ho$ VrZ {XZm| _| dgyb hmo J`m& _oao {~hma Ho$ {dVaH$ Zo \$moZ H$a H$hm-" ^yV Zo gm{~V H$a {X`m {H$ am_ Jmonmb d_m H$m {~hma _| ~mOma h&' nVm Zht Bggo _ JXJX hmoD$ `m An_m{ZV &
Bg_| eH$ Zht ^yV 5 df nhbo aJrbm (A_raImZ, C{_bm, OH$s lm\$) Ho$ ~mX g~go ~S>r {hQ> h& _ Img Vma na Iwe h `m|{H$ Eogm Xmo A` g\$bVmAm| BH$ {dH$ Ama AXmO Ho$ ~mX hAm h& ~mbrdwS> _| gyIo H$m Xma I_ hAm bJVm h& A~ _ nhbo go `mXm `moJmH$ hmoZo Ho$ {bE T> gH$n hy&
H$hm OmVm h {H$ {~Zm JmZm| H$s {\$_| ~mg Am{\$g na Rw>H$am Xr OmVr h&
_oam I`mb h H$s 1960 _| ~r. Ama. MmonS>m H$s H$mZyZ (AemoH$ Hw$_ma, amO| Hw$_ma, Amo_ H$me) nhbr {~Zm JmZm| H$s {\$_ Wr{Ogo {demb XeH$ g_yh {_bm& CZH$s A` {~Zm JmZo H$s {\$_ Bm\$mH$ amOoe IZm H$s bmoH${`Vm Ho$ {eIa na AmB Wr& _oar AnZr {~Zm JmZo H$s hmaa {\$_ amV (Amo_ nwar, aodVr) ~war Vah {nQ>r& ^yV Ho$ {bE _wPgo H$hm Jm`m {H$ {g\$ ^yV hr {\$_ XoI|Jo& Chm|Zo H$hm, {\$_ H$m Zm_ ^yV h bo{H$Z {dkmnZ Ho$ Aemo _| H$moB ^yV {XImB Zht XoVo& _ IwX na Iwe hmoZo go `mXm {\$ CX`moJ Ho$ {bE Iwe h& ^yV go bmoJm| Ho$ ZO[a`o _| ~hV ~S>m \$H$ Am`oJm&
VrZ EH$X_ AbJ Vah Ho$ {\$_| BH$ {dH$ AXmO, Ama ^yV EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ H$aHo$ g\$b hB h& {\$_ CX`moJ Ho$ {bE BgH$m `m _Vb~ h?
_ Xygar {\$_m| Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> Zht H$h gH$Vm& bo{H$Z ^yV H$s g\$bVm go ~hwV \$H$ nS>oJm&
g^m{dV n go g\$b {\$_ H$s CX`moJ H$s n[aH$nZm go EH$X_ AJb H$ma go `h {\$_ {\$_mB Ama noe H$s JB h& EH$ Q>oS> _JOrZ Zo {bIm h H$s {\$_ H$mo hamZ H$a XoZodmbr ~S>r ew$AmV {_br h& BgH$m `m _Vb~ h? em`X do Ja nmanm[aH$, {~Zm JmZo H$s {\$_ Ama H$bmH$mam| H$mo noe {H$`o OmZo H$m {OH$ H$a aho Wo&
{\$_ OJV Ho$ EH$ ~S>o dJ Ho$ XeH$m| H$s AnojmAm| H$mo boH$a T> {dMma h& _oam I`mb h {H$ {\$_ CmoJ H$s g~go ~S>r JbVr XeH$m| H$mo newAm| H$s Vah hmH$Zo H$s h& AJa h_ XeH$m| H$s BN>m Ho$ ~mao _| BVZm `mXm OmZVo h Vmo h_mar BVZr gmar {\$_o bmn `m| hmo OmVr h? `m Bggo gm[~V Zht hmoVm H$s h_ XeH$m| H$s [$M Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> Zht OmZVo?
^yV Ho$ ~mao _| H$m_`m~ hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mao _| `m I`mb h?
`h Iar {\$_ Wr& "g`m' ~ZmZo Ho$ g_` go _oao {X_mJ _| grYo-grYo dUZ H$s `h gH$nZm Wr& bo{H$Z g`m Ama OJb _| JmZo aIZo _| bJ J`m& _wPo JmZm| go H$moB ~a Zht h& XeH$ JmZo XoIZo Ama AN>o ` XoIZo H$mo AmVo h&
"amoS>' _| _ MmhVm Wm {H$ XeH$m| H$mo grQ>m| go nrR> [Q>H$m H$a gmg boZo H$s \w$agV Z {_bo bo{H$Z {\$a ^r _wPo JmZo aIZm nS>o& Bg go o_ H$hmZr AmB Ama H$B H$_ Qy>Q>o {Oggo H$WmdVw {~JS> JB& _oam I`mb h {H$ "^yV' Zo {gZo_m H$s ZB Ymam ew$ H$s h& Bggo gm\$ h {H$ XeH$ g^r Vah H$s {\$_| AnZmVo h& H$mZ H$h gH$Vm h {H$ AJa "h_ AmnHo$ h H$mZ...! (gb_mZ ImZ, _mYwar {XjrV) Ama "emobo' (gOrd Hw$_ma, Y_], A{_Vm^ ~Z, ho_m _m{bZr, O`m ^mXwS>r, A_OX ImZ) EH$ gmW [abrO hB hmoVt Vmo do XmoZm| hr Iy~ Mbr hmoVt&
{\$_ a{g`m hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo _wPo "gmD$S> Am\$ `y{OH$' ^r CVZr hr ngX AmB {OVZr _oHo$mO JmoS>, X JmS>\$mXa Ama X EOma{gQ&> Bg{bE _ `h H$go _mZ by {H$ _oao XeH$ g^r Vah Ho$ {\$_r _ZmoaOZ Ho$ {bE g_mZ $n go V`ma Zht h? _oam n$m _V h {H$ XeH$ _ZmoaOZ XoZodmbr {H$gr ^r MrO H$mo ngX H$aVo h& AnZo EH$mV _| ~R>H$a h_ `h AZw_mZ Zht bJm gH$Vo {H$ XeH$ ~mV g_P gH$Zo bm`H$ n`m g_PXma Zht h& Bg{bE H$B df nhbo a_oe {gnr H$s "emobo' `m Bg gX^ _| Jw$Xm H$s {\$_m| Zo gnmXZ Ama emQ> gaMZm {H$ Z`r ebr Wm{nV H$s Ama XeH$m| Zo Cgo nyao {Xb go AnZm {b`m& _oam I`mb h {H$ AmO Ho$ {\$_ {Z_mVm {dVaH$m| Ama XeH$m| {OZHo$ nmg {\$_ _| bJmZo Ho$ {bE ngm h, Ho$ {bE {\$_ ~ZmVo h Zm {H$ XeH$m| Ho$ {bE&
Bg{bE Amn AnZm ngm dhm bJmVo h Ohm AmnH$m _Z h?
Amn Eogm H$h gH$Vo h& _Zo "^yV' _| {Z`_ VmoS>o& EH$ Vmo Eogr YmaUm Wr {H$ hramo Z {H$ hramoBZ|, {\$_ MbmVo h&
h_mar hramoBZm| H$mo g_Pm`m OmVm {H$ XeH$ CZHo$ d Ama Ho$e gmm XoIZo AmVo h& bo{H$Z H$mOmob H$mo XoIo& CgZo H$^r AnZo $n-aJ H$s nadmh Zht H$s& Bg{bE CgZo M[a {Z^m`o& hmbrdwS> _| _o[ab Q>rn Ama `y{b`m am~Q>g H$mB gwXa Zht h& {\$a ^r CZH$m AmH$fU h& "^yV' _| C{_bm Zo hramoBZm| Ho$ ~mao _| YmaUm ~Xbr&
BgHo$ Abmdm {\$_ H$s b~mB H$mo boH$a YmaUm h& _w~B _| h_mam {dMma h {H$ ha {\$_ H$mo VrZ KQ>o b~r hmoZm O$ar h& O~H$s hmbrdwS> _| b~mB H$hmZr Ho$ AZwgma AbJ-AbJ hmoVr h& gm_m` MoVZm Zo _wPo "^yV' {g\$ Xmo KQ>o H$s ~ZmZo H$mo H$hm& _ gmoMVm h {H$ Bggo A` {\$_ {Z_mVmAm| H$mo A` jom| _| OmZo Ama AbJ Vah Ho$ m$n BVo_mb H$aZo H$s {h_V Am`oJr& `hm VH$ {H$ h_mao nw$f H$bmH$ma ^r {gZo_m _| AnZo A{YH$ma-jo go AdJV hmoZo bJo h&
~yg {d{bg Zo |${Q>V Q>aZ{Q>Zm| H$s "nn {\$eZ' _| {g\$ Xmo grZ {H$`o& \$aXrZ Zo dhr "^yV' _| {H$`m& Cgo Ahgmg hAm {H$ ^y{_H$m H$s b~mB go Aga H$m H$moB g~Y Zht h& "^yV' Ho$ g^r H$bmH$mam| - AO`, C{_bm, aoIm Am{X H$mo CZHo$ AbJ Vah Ho$ VwVrH$aU Ho$ {bE ngX {H$`m J`m&
{\$_ CmoJ H$mo IwX H$mo Eogm VrW g_PZm N>moS> XoZm Mm{hE Ohm XeH$ {H$gr ^r n[apW[V _| nyOm Ho$ {bE AmVo ah|Jo& XeH$m| H$mo {\$_m| Ho$ {bh BVOma H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm H$aZo H$mo Ama ^r H$m_ h& do ha g_` AnZr ngX Ho$ ~mao _| {dMma ~XbVo ahVo h&
_wPo Iwer h "^yV' g\$b hB& Bg{bE Zht {H$ _Zo CmoJ H$mo "{XIm {X`m h' ~pH$ Bg{bE {H$ Bggo _wPo {Z`_ ~XbZo H$s {h_V ~T>r Ama XeH$m| H$mo `mXm AmZX Am`m&
`m AmnH$mo AnZr eVm] na ~mbrdwS> na hmdr hmoZo go {dO`r hmoZo H$s ^mdZm ~Zr?
_oao gmWr H$hVo h {H$ _Zo "^yV' go AnZr ~mV gm{~V H$a Xr& bo{H$Z _Zo AnZr Amoa go Hw$N> gm{~V Zht {H$`m& ~g, hmo J`m& `h Omo{I_ CR>mZo bm`H$ Wr& gr{_V ~OQ> Ho$ H$maU Ama ~mV ~Z JB& A~ ~hV gmao {Z_mVm gr{_V ~OQ> Ho$ ~mha OmZo H$s {h_V Zht H$a|Jo& H$bmH$mam| H$mo ^r Ehgmg hmoJm {H$ AnZr _mg-no{e`m {XImZo `mXm O[Q>b ^y{_H$mE H$aZo H$m g_` h&
`m H$bmH$ma "^yV' Ogr {\$_ Ho$ {bE AnZo ^md H$_ H$a|Jo?
do `m| H$a|? do BgmZ h& gM Vmo `h h {H$ Ch| ^mar aH$_ Xr OmZm CZH$s JbVr Zht h& {Og {XZ H$moB Q>ma AmH$a H$hoJm, "_ Cg bm`H$ Zht h, _wPo BVZm `mXm `m| Xo aho h? `m {Z_mVm Ho$ nmg BgH$m Odm~ hmoJm?
aJrbm Ho$ ~mX "^yV' AmnH$s g~go ~S>r {hQ> h Ama dh {\$_ Vmo gJrVYmZ Wr?
hm& JmZo g_`m Zht h& {\$_ {Z_mVmAm| H$s dm~I`mbr h& {~Zm JmZmo H$s "H$mZyZ' `m| {hQ> hmo JB Ama _oar {\$_ "amV' Zht Mbr?
{~Zm JmZm| Ho$ ^r bmoJ amV go ~moa hmo J`o& {nN>bo {XZ _Zo EH$ {ZX}eH$ Ho$ ~mao _| gwZm {OgZo "^yV' Ho$ ~mX AnZr {\$_m| go JmZo {ZH$mb XoZo H$m \$gbm {H$`m h (hgr) & _Zo nhbo H$^r go `mXm Am_{ddmg Ho$ gmW AmJo ~T>Zm V` {H$`m h& "^yV' Zo {\$_ {Z_mVmAm| H$mo H$B ~YZmo go _w$ {H$`m h& A~ Eogo H$B {dMma h {OZ na _ A_b H$a gH$Vm h&
`m Amn A~ gr{_Q> ~OQ> Ho$ AXa {\$_| ~ZmZo H$mo o[aV hm|Jo Vm{H$ Amn AnZo {Zdoe OXr go dmng {ZH$mb gH|$?
Zht, ~OQ> Vmo CnmX Ho$ d$n go nyar Vah {ZYm[aV hmoVm h& "^yV' H$mo ~hV _m_ybr ~OQ> go EH$ AnmQ>_|Q> _| {\$_m`m J`m& {\$a ^r Cgo 30 H$amoS> n`o (64 bmI S>mba) H$s bmJV dmbr {\$_ Ho$ ~am~a ew$AmV {_br& Xygar Amoa gO` brbm ^gmbr H$s "XodXmg' H$s bmJV ~hV `mXm ~R>r& bo{H$Z dh ha {bhmO go ghr Wr& `m|[H$ CgZo h_mao OrdZ H$mo g_ {H$`m& bmJV Mmho 6 H$amoS> n`o hmo `m 60 H$amoS> n`o, Bggo \$H$ Zht nS>Vm& ^gmbr H$s EH$ n[aH$nZm Wr {Ogo gmH$ma H$aZm Wm& "X boAa {dM moOoQ>' H$s bmJV {g\$ 30 hOma S>mba Wr& bo{H$Z BgH$m _Vb~ `h Zht h {H$ "~oZ h>a' Zhr ~ZmB OmZr Mm{hE&
`m \$m_ybm {\$_m| H$m AV hmo J`m?
\$m_ybm {\$_ {Z_mVmAm| H$s A{ZpMVVm H$s XoZ h& do Ag\$bVm H$s AmeH$m go g\$b {\$_ H$s ZH$b H$aVo h& 1960 Ho$ XeH$ _| _Z_mohZ XogmB Zo Imo`m Ama nm`m \$ma_ybm H$mo O~aXV g\$b ~Zm`m& 1990 Ho$ XeH$ _| "h_ AmnHo$ h H$mZ...? Ama "{Xbdmbo Xwh{Z`m bo Om`|Jo' (emh$I ImZ, H$mOmob) AmB& CZ {\$_m| H$mo ^mar g\$bVm {_br Ama dgr hr {\$_| ~ZmZodmbm| Zo ~mX _| H$hm {H$ do nm[adm[aH$ {\$_| Bg{bE ~Zm aho h {H$ XeH$ dht MmhVo h& Agb _| do gyaO ~S>Om`m Ama Am{X` MmonS>m H$s ZH$b H$a aho Wo& `m XeH$m| Zo gyaO Ama Am{X` H$mo do {\$_ ~ZmZo H$mo H$hm Wm?
_oar AJbr {\$_ "S>aZm _Zm h' (g\$ Abr ImZ, ZmZm nmQ>oH$a, aodVr, {ddoH$ Amo~oam`, {enm eo>r, AVam _mbr) hmaa {\$_ Zht h& nVm Zht _ Bgo {H$g loUr _| aIy& O~ VH$ `h [abrO hmoJr, _wPo Amem h _ XeH$m| H$mo ~Vm nmD$Jm {H$ do `m Anojm aI|& Cg_| _ Omoa-Omoa go {Mbm H$a H$hJm {H$ {\$_ Q>oS> {Ogo n{d _mZVm h Cg g~H$mo Rw>H$am X|& XoIVo h XeH$m| H$s `m {V{H$`m hmoVr h&
"S>aZm _Zm h' H$s ey[QJ go _oam H$moB dmVm Zht h& {OgH$m _ {ZX}eZ Zht H$aVm, Cg_| _ XIb Zht XoVm&
_oao {ZX}eZ H$s AJbr {\$_ h "EH$' (A{_Vm^ ~Z, AO` XodJZ, \$aXrZ ImZ, {ddoH$ Amo~oamO, ZmZm nmQ>oH$a) CgH$s bmJV "^yV' go 10 JwZm OmXm hmoJr& dh {gV~a AQy>~a _| bmoa na Om`oJr&