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`h [¥ð> A[Z{ o_Ì H$m{ ^{oOE

H$¡gm ah{Jm Jm{odÝXm H$m ^odî`?

Am_ OZVm H{$ Mh{V{ Ao^Z{Vm Jm{odÝXm Z{ EH$ Z¥Ë` Y_mH{$ H{$ ê$[ _| o\$ë_ CÚm{J _| àd{e oH$`m$& CÝhm|Z{ ]{hVarZ Z¥Ë` [{e oH$`{ Am¡a ]mX _| hmñ` àYmZ ^yo_H$mAm| H{$ gmW AÀN>m Vmb_{b o]R>m`m$& CZH{$ OrdZ _| "bd' (ß`ma) eãX H$s ]S>r _hËd[yU© ^yo_H$m ahr ·`m|oH$ CÝhm|Z{ "bd-86' g{ A[Z{ o\$ë_r H¡$na`a H$m{ ewéAmV H$s$& BgH{$ AoVnaº$ "BëOm_' Am¡a "hË`m' Xm{ AÝ` eãX W{ oOÝhm|Z{ CÝh| Am_ OZVm _{§ bm{H$oà` ]ZmZ{ _| Ah_ ^yo_H$m oZ^m`r$&

[a§Vw `h [yU©V: ñ[îQ> Zht h¡ oH$ Cg g_` AWm©V 1986 g{ 1988 H{$ Xm¡amZ CZH{$ ogVmam| `m Zrb_ H$s Om{S>r Z{ CÝh| OZVm H$m _Zm{a§OZ H$aZ{ dmb{ H{$ ê$[ _| ñWmo[V oH$`m$& `h g§^d h¡ oH$ Jm{odÝXm ñd`§ A[Zr dmñVodH$ [hMmZ H$m{ b{H$a ^«_ _| W{$& ·`m dh A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ "bd ]m°`' H{$ ê$[ _| àXoe©V H$aZm MmhV{ W{? ·`m d{ gmd©OoZH$ àogoÕ H{$ obE hmñ` àYmZ ^yo_H$m H$m{ AoYH$ _hËd[yU© _mZV{ W{$& A[Zr ]obîR> eara H{$ ]b]yV{ dh _gëg Am¡a emarnaH$ ep·V H$m ^r àXe©Z H$a gH$V{ W{$&

E{gm bJVm h¡ oH$ [§Om]r [nadma _| [¡Xm Jm{odÝXm H$m Zm_ odÛmZ Á`m{oVof`m| g{ gbmh _eodam H$a aIm J`m$& CZH$m OÝ_ 21 oXg§]a H$m{ hþAm Wm O] M§Ð_m eVVam ZjÌ H{$ àW_ MaU _| W{$& O¡gm oH$ CZH{$ A§Xa AoYH$m§e bjU >g) d¥f^ b½Z H{$ h¡ _¢ _mZy§Jm oH$ CZH$s OÝ_ Hw§$S>br H{$ ^m½` H{$ A§oV_ 9d| Ka _| ewH«$ d¥f^ amoe H{$ ñdm_r AÀN>r Vah ñWmo[V h¢$&

H$bmË_H$ [a§Vw Z¥Ë` O¡gr emarnaH$ JoVodoY`m| g{ bJmd

B©ñWa dm©. b{Z dm°H$ H{$ _wVmo]H$ o\$ë_ CÚm{J _| Am[Z{ àma§o^H$ oXZm| Jm{odÝXm EH$ J¡a gm\$ gwYa{ hram{ H{$ ê$[ _| hm{ gH$Vm h¡$& CZH$s OÝ_ [Ìr _| "ewH«$' H$s pñWoV Jm{qdX e¡br _| Z¥Ë` O¡gr H$bmË_H$ JoVodoY oOg_| emarnaH$ l_ Á`mXm bJVm h¡ _| AoYH$ g\$bVm H$s Am{a g§H{$V H$aVm h¡$& Bgr Vah drZg H$s pñWoV CÝh| Wm{S>m CJ« ]ZmVr h¡$& Om{ AoYH$m§e _mZdr` ]wamB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ [`m©ßV gwgÁO Zht$& (B©ñWa Xr b{ZdmM ""oS>J«r Am°\$ X Om{oZ`mH$ _H$m{` [pãbqeJ, naH$ [m§S>, doO©oZ`m, `y.Eg.E. 1973 BS>r.. [{O 167-168)

[§Om] g{ odama g{ Oyhÿ

qgh amoe _| "hf©b' Am¡a ßbyQ>m{ H$s pñWoV àma§o^H$ Ka{by OrdZ _| ]S>{ CVma-MT>md H$m g§H{$V H$aVm h¡$& gw Q>m|_Q>qH$g H{$ AZwgma hf©b H$s pñWoV Ka _| ]S>{ [nadV©Z g§^dVo EH$ Ka g{ Xyga{ Ka, EH$ ñWmZ g{ Xyga{ ñWmZ _gbZ [§Om] g{ odama, odama g{ Oyhy H$s Am{a g§H{$V H$aVm h¡$& hf©b OëXr gmYZ C[bãY H$amZ{ H{$ gmW gmW H$m\$s ñdV§ÌVm ]ZmVm h¡$& O]oH$ ßbyQ>m{ H$s pñWoV [mnadmnaH$ ]mYmAm| H$s Am{a g§H{$V H$aVm h¡$& H$^r-H$^r Jm{odÝXm, O] Ka _| _mVm-o[Vm H{$ gmW ]¡R>m hm{ E{gm _hgyg H$a gH$Vm h¡ O¡g{ Q>mB_ ]_ [a ]¡R>m hm{$& (gw. Q>m|_Q>qH$g, Añ[{·Q²g BZ EñQ­>m{bm°Or, Ebr_|Q> ]w·g, J«{Q> o]«Q>{Z 1990 BS>r. [{O 241-276)

CZH{$ o[Vm AéU Hw$_ma o\$ë_ oZ_m©Vm ah{ h¢$& _m± oZ_©bm X{dr Jmo`H$m ahr h¢$& CZH{$ ^mB© H$soV© Hw$_ma o\$ë_ CÚm{J oZ_m©Vm oZX}eH$ Am¡a Ao^Z{Vm ah{ h¢$& Jm{qdXm àgÝÝVm[yd©H$ gwZrVm g{ oddmohV h¡ Am¡a [nadma H$s Am{a PwH$md aIZ{ dmbm ì`p·V h¡$& Jm{odÝXm H$m OÝ_ Cg g_` hþAm Wm O] M§Ð_m eVVam ZjÌ _| Wm$& [naUm_Vo M§Ð, amhþ Am¡a Z{[À`yZ H{$ _Ü` EH$ "Q­>mBZ' ]Z J`m h¡$& E{g{ "Q­>mBZ' H{$ Aga H$m AZw^d gm_mÝ`Vo amhþ-_hmXem Am¡a A§VX©em H{$ Xm¡amZ AZw^yV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¡$& _{a{ Am§H$bZ H{$ AZwgma Jm{odÝXm Z{ hmb hr _| o[N>b{ df© A[Zr Jwé H$s _hmXem Am¡a amhþ H$s A§VX©em [yar H$s h¡ Am¡a CÝh| A[Zr Zmo`H$m amZr _wIOu H{$ gmW Hw$N> Hw$àMma H$m ^r gm_Zm H$aZm [S>m h¡$& E{gr MMm© h¡ oH$ Jm{odÝXm oZ_m©VmAm| [a Om{a X{Vm h¡ oH$ Ohm§ dh _w»` [wéf ^yo_H$m _| h¡ amZr _w»` _ohbm ^yo_H$m _| Am`|$&

Abm¡oH$H$ BbmO [a Á`mXm odídmg

_§Jb H{$Vw H$s pñWoV H$m\$s emarnaH$ JoVodoY H$m g§H${V X{Vm h¡ [a§Vw b§]{ g_` H{$ ob`{ Zht$& `h pñWoV CÝh| _gëg H{$ _yd_|Q> Am¡a ãbS> à{ea g§]§Yr _{oS>H$b g_ñ`m`| X{ gH$Vm h¡$& BgH{$ MbV{ d{ A[Zr j_Vm H$m C[`m{J em`X H$aZ{ _| gj_ Z hm|$&

OÝ_[Ìr _| "eoZ' _§Jb ZjÌ _| h¡$& `h _O]yV Am§VnaH$ A§VÛ©Û H$s Am{a B§oJV H$aVm h¡ Om{ KwQ>Z `m hVmem H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h¡$& [a§Vw _§Jb H{$Vw H$s pñWoV BÝh| H$m\$s Ymo_©H$ ]Zm`{Jr$& d{ àmH¥$oVH$ BbmO [ÕoV`m| g{ em§oV Am¡a bm^ Im{O|J{ oOg_| a{H$s, _ZZ, qMVZ, `m{JmgZ, àmUm`m_ Am¡a oÌH$mb g§Ü`m AmoX emo_b h¡$& A^r Á`mXm odídñV Á`mXm gwodYmOZH$ àogÕ A_{naH$Z Á`m{oVfr J«m{Q> b|dr H{$ AZwgma _§Jb H{$Vw H$Z{·eZ YZw amoe _| ì`oº$ H$m{ D$Om, \$wVu, Vrd«Vm, CËgmh Am¡a Mw§]H$Ëd (AmH$f©U) àXmZ H$aVm h¡$& [naUm_Vo Jm{odÝXm H$s pñWoV H$m\$s ]bdmZ h¡ (J«m§Q> b{dr ""h{dZ Zm{g ìhmQ>'', b{b{od`Z [pãbH{$eZ o_Zrgm{`, `y.Eg.E. 1984 BS>r. [{O 119)$& dh Amam_ g{ E{gr o\$ë_m| _| Xwhar ^yo_H$m H$a gH$Vm oOg_| Ao_Vm^ ]ÀMZ Xm{har ^yo_H$m H$a ah{ h¢$&

Bgr àH$ma dh J{_ em{ "N>ß[a \$mS> H{$' _| ^r [ya{ odídmg Am¡a gwodYm H$m AZw^d H$a|J{$& `h J{_ em{ gm{Zr Q>r.dr. erK« ewê$ H$a ahr h¡$&

AÀN>m o_o_H$ - oH$gr ^r ñQ>ma H$m _mñH$ [hZ gH$Vm h¡$

_§Jb ewH«$ ZjÌ _| h¡$& oOZ 12 J«hm| [a odMma oH$`m J`m CZ_| g{ Mma ewH«$-ZjÌ _| h¡$& d{ ]wY, H{$Vw, hf©b Am¡a ßbyQ>m{ h¡$&

Bg Vah [m§M J«hm| H{$ ewH«$ ZjÌ _| hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{ CZH$s OrdZ A§oV_ ^m½` g{ emogV h¡$& _§Jb, ]wY, H{$Vw, hf©b, ßbyQ>m{, ewH«$ g{ _O]yVr g{ OwS>{ h¢$& Bg àH$ma Jm{odÝXm H{$ à_wI Ao^Z{VmAm| Am¡a àogÕ ì`oº$`m| H$m{ o_o_H$ H$a gH$Vm h¡$&

O{o_Zr amoe _| amhþ, amhþ H{$ ZjÌ _| h¡$& `h amoe g§à{fU H$s eoº$ H$m gyMH$ h¡$& amhw, gy`©, _§Jb, ]wY Am¡a H{$Vw g{ _O]yV oZam{Yr VËd aIVm h¡$& Bg àH$ma h_ Á`m{oVf H$s Ñoï> g{ `h ^odî`dmUr H$a gH$V{ h¢ oH$ d{ A[Zr o_o_H«$s àoV^m H{$ ]b]yV{ ]hþV AoYH$ àogoÕ d bm{H$oà`Vm àmßV H$a|J{$& d{ oH$gr ñQ>ma H$m _mñH$ YmaU H$a gH$V{ h¢ Am¡a Vwbm amoe _| CZH$m Z{[À`yZ CgH$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡ $&CZH$s OÝ_[Ìr H$m\$s eoº$embr h¡$& _¢ `h ^r _mZVm hÿ§ oH$ CÝh| 2001 VH$ Am¡a Á`mXm g\$bVm o_b{Jr$& gm{Zr Q>r.dr. H{$ "N>ß[S> \$mS> H{$' H$m`©H«$_ _| CZH$m Ao^Z` Cg{ gdmb Xg H$am{S> O¡g{ Q>r.dr. H{$ AÝ` H$m`©H«$_m| g{ oOg{ Or Q>r.dr. [a Hw$N> bm{J hr X{IV{ h¢ g{ Á`mXm g\$b ]Zm`{Jm$& ñQ>ma Q>r.dr. g{ àoV`m{oJVm _| Jm{qdXm H$m am{b ]S>m Am¡a Á`mXm g\$b hm{ gH$Vm h¡$& ode{fH$a Or. Q>r.dr. H$s VwbZm _|$& ãbS> à{ea H$s g_ñ`m-

hf©b Am¡a H{$Vw bJ^J [yU© "Q­>mBZ' (121 oS>J«r) _| h¢$& `h gyoMV H$aVm h¡ oH$ Jm{odÝXm VZmd _| AÀN>r Vah H$m_ Zht H$a gH$V{$& H$^r-H$^r dh ]hþV OëXr oZU©` b{ gH$V{ h¢$& [a§Vw ]mX _| d{ A[Zm _V ]Xb gH$V{ h¢ oOgg{ CÝh| odÎmr` hmoZ hm{ gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Xygar CZH$s ]mVm| [a ghOVm g{ odídmZ Zht H$a|J{$& `h [hby "ãbS> à{ea' H$s g_ñ`mAm| g{ ^r OwS>m h¡$& hf©b ËdnaV H$ma©dmB© H$s Am{a B§oJV H$aVm h¡ O]oH$ H{$Vw àdmh _| AMmZH$ am{H$ H$s Am{a B§oJV H$aVm h¡$& Bg àH$ma `oX Jm{qdXm A[Z{ ñdmñÏ` H{$ ]ma{ _| Á`mXm gmdYmZ Zht h¡ Vm{ dh Ao^Z` ì`dgm` g{ AMmZH$ ñWoJVr `m oZd¥oÎm H$m AZw^d H$a gH$V{ h¢$&

dh A[Z{ H$m{ "_mMm{ _¡Z' _mZV{ h¢$& O¡gr oH$ CZH{$ EH$ gmjmËH$ma _| CÕ¥V h¡- CÝhm|Z{ H$hm h¡ oH$ "_mMm{ _{Z ß`ma _| Zht [S>V{- ß`ma _| [S>Zm _yI©Vm h¡$&' `h H$mb{O _| CZH$s H$Ý`m o_Ìm| H{$ g§X^© _| Wm$& EH$ na[m{Q>© H{$ _wVmo]H$ CZH{$ [mg ]hþV AÀN>{ Xm{ñV W{ [a A\{$`a Zht [a§Vw drZg Am¡a _mg© H{$ 5 oS>J«r H$Z{·eZ H{$ MbV{ EH$ ì`oº$ g{ ^mdZmË_H$ M·H$a am{H$Zm H$oR>Z h¡$& Zd _mg Hw§$S>br _| _mg© Am¡a g¡Q>Z© _rZ amoe _| EH$ gmW h¡$& `h EH$ [hby h¡ Om{ Xm{ odam{Yr g{·gm| _| ^mdZmË_H$ ]§YZ H$m{ oZ`§oÌV H$aZ{ _| ghm`H$ hm{Vm h¡$& _mg© D$Om© H$m àoVoZoYËd H$aVm h¡ Am¡a eoZ oZ`§ÌU H$maH$ H$m{ AmJ{ bmVm h¡$& _§Jb Am¡a ]wY Xm{Zm| [yd© eYmZjÌ H{$ h¢ Om{ ewH«$ g{ emogV h¢$& Om{ ^mB© ]hZm| H{$ o\$ë_ CÚm{J g{ _O]yV OwS>md H$m{ B§oJV H$aVm h¡$& o\$a ^r O¡gm oH$ _§Jb Am¡a ]wY Á`m{oVfr _| ]hþV AÀN>{ o_Ì Zht h¡$&

Jm{odÝXm A[Z{ o\$ë_ oZ_m©Vm ^mB© H$m{ ode{f àmWo_H$Vm X{Z{ _| em`X gj_ Zht hm{ gH$V{$& Jm{qdXm H$s OÝ_ [Ìr _| Jwé-hf©b H$m 151 oS>J«r H$m `m{J CZH{$ MnaÌ Am¡a Hw$N> hX VH$ CZH{$ g§[Xm H$m{ ñWmo`Ëd àXmZ H$aVm h¡$& `oX CÝh| Hw$N> ñdV§ÌVm Xr Om`{ Am¡a A[Zr aMZmË_H$ eoº$ H$m{ àXoe©V H$aZ{ H$s AZw_oV Xr Om` (o\$ë_m| `m Q>r.dr. J{_ em{ _|) CZH{$ Am¡a g\$b hm{Z{ H$s g§^mdZm h¡$& Bg Vah d{ A[Z{ gh`m{oJ`m| H$m{ ^r Am¡a g_¥ÕVm oXbm gH$V{ h¢$&

EH$ ghO J¢]ba

Bgr Vah _§Jb-hf©b 122 oS>J«r Q­>mBZ [j Jm{odÝXm H$m{ EH$ ghO "J¢]ba' ]Zm gH$Vm h¡$& dh E{g{ J¢]ba hm{ gH$V{ h¢ Ohm§ d{ A[Zr gmar H$_mB© Am¡a àoV^m Xm§d [a bJm gH$V{ h¢$& o\$a ^r dh AoV odídmg _| Am¡a g§^modV g\$bVm H{$ ]ma{ _| odídñV hm{ gH$V{ h¢$&

2001 _| dh 15 OZdar H{$ ]mX Am¡a bm{H$oà` hm{ gH$V{ h¡§$&

26 OZdar 2001 H{$ JUV§ÌV oXdg H{$ oXZ gy`© Am¡a Z{[À`yZ [ya{ H$ÝO{·eZ _| _H$a amoe g{ JwOa|J{ (Q­>m§oOQ>) `h Jm{odÝXm H{$ OrdZ H$m EH$ g]g{ _hËd[yU© oXZ hm{ gH$Vm h¡$& Bg oXZ CZH{$ OrdZ _| Hw$N> _hËd[yU© KQ>Zm hm{Z{ H$s g§^mdZm h¡$&

JUV§Ì oXdg g_mam{h H{$ ob`{ gmdYmZr H{$ g§H{$V

20 OZdar ewH«$dma 2001 H$m{ `oX Jm{qdXm H$r `m{OZm oH$gr gmd©OoZH$ g_mam{h _| C[pñWV ahZ{ `m _w»` AoVoW H{$ ê$[ _| ahZ{ H$s h¡$& Vm{ CÝh| A[Zr gwajm H{$ ]ma{ _| Am¡a gmdYmZ ahZ{ H$s Oê$aV h¡$& `h Bgob`{ ·`m|oH$ Cgr oXZ gy`© Am¡a Z{[À`yZ H$m H$ÝO{·eZ hm{Jm Am¡a Xm{Zm| _H$a amoe g{ JwOa|J{ (Q­>m§oOQ>)$& BgH{$ AoVna·V M§Ð YoZîR>m g{ JwOa{Jm Om{ [wî` g{ 16dm§ ZjÌ h¡ Am¡a Om{ ^maV H$m{ OÝ_[Ìr H{$ ohgm] g{ M§Ð H$m ZjÌ h¡$& Bg oXZ `m CgH{$ Amg[mg h_ Am§VnaH$ `m AmV§H$dmXr JoVndoY`m| H{$ H$maU Hw$N> amOZ¡oVH$ C[Ðdm| ]mYmAm| H$m AZw^d H$a gH$V{ h¢$& Jm{qdXm H$s OÝ_[Ìr _| eoZ KoZîR>m ZjÌ _| h¡$&

BgH{$ ]mX OëXr hr 9 \$adar 2001 H$m{ gy`© Am¡a hf©b _H$a amoe g{ [yU© H$ÝO·eZ _| JwOa|J{$& `h g§H{$V X{Vm h¡ oH$ 25 OZdar 2001 Am¡a 10 \$adar H{$ ]rM _| Jm{qdXm H{$ OrdZ H$s Hw$N> _hËM[yU© KQ>Zm`| KoQ>V hm|Jr$& Om{ CÝh| ]hþV bm{H$oà` Am¡a g\$b ]Zm`{Jm$& [a§Vw J«hm| H$s C·V pñWoV CZH$m{ E{gr hr ^yo_H$mAm| VH$ gro_V H$a{Jm oOg_| emarnaH$ l_ H$s Á`mXm Amdí`H$Vm hm{Jr$&

gm_mÝ`V- _¢ Jm{qdXm H$s OÝ_[Ìr H$m{ H$m\$s AÀN>m _mZy§Jm$&

amOZ H{$. e_m©

H¡$gm hm{Jm goMZ H$m AmZ{dmbm g_`?