rhi¡j hp„Q_ • NyS>fps A¡Vy$T¡X$
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"lz„ _p_p¡ lsp¡ Ðepf\u S> qaëdp¡_p¡ blz ip¡Mu_ lsp¡. v¡$h Ap_„v¡$ Å¡_u d¡fp _pd qaëddp„ õL$pa® `l¡f¡gp¡ sp¡ Å¡C_¡ d_¡ \sy„ L¡$ dpfu `pk¡ `Z A¡hp¡ õL$pa® lp¡e. fpS> L$`|f_u qaëd d¡fp _pd Å¡L$fdp„ fdL$X$p_p¡ Å¡L$f lsp¡ s¡ A_¡ v$uhpf qaëddp„ Ardspc bÃQ_¡ `¡gp¡ 786_p¡ rbëgp¡ `l¡f¡gp¡ s¡ Å¡C_¡ d_¡ \sy„ L¡$ dpfu `pk¡ `Z A¡ b^y„ lp¡e.' Ar_g L$`|f L$l¡ R>¡.

Apduf Mp__u qaëd gNp__u L$p¡rdL$ byL$ blpf `pX$u Q|L¡$gu A¡Ndp¡ÞV$ Bd¡rS>_¡i_ B[ÞX$ep rgrdV¡$X$ (bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$ d_p¡f„S>__u QuS>hõsyAp¡ blpf `pX$su L„$`_u) kp\¡ dmu_¡ Ar_g L$`|f A_¡ qX$f¡¼V$f ksui L$p¥riL$_u L$`|f A¡ÞX$ L$p¥riL$ A¡ÞV$fV¡$B_d¡ÞV$ âpBh¡V$ rgrdV¡$X$ L„$`_uA¡ lpgdp„ `p¡sp_u b^pC lp¡ b^pC qaëd_p dpL£$qV„$N dpV¡ bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$_u L¡$V$guL$ hõsyAp¡ bÅfdp„ d|L$u. s¡_p kdpf„cdp„ Ar_g L$`|f¡ bpm`Z_p qv$hkp¡ epv$ L$ep® lsp.

hps ApNm h^pfsp„ s¡Z¡ L$üy„, "`Z A¡ qv$hkp¡dp„ A¡hy„ L„$C dmsy„ _lp¡sy„. `Z dpfp cpC bp¡_u L$`|f¡ rd. B[ÞX$ep A_¡ ê$` L$u fp_u Qp¡fp¢ L$p fpÅ qaëd b_phu Ðepf¡ qaëd_u epv$Nufu S>¡hu QuÅ¡ Ap`hp_u L$p¡rii L$fu lsu `Z A¡dp„ kamsp _ dmu. `Z lh¡ Ad_¡ A¡Ndp¡ÞV$ S>¡hu L$„`_u_p¡ kp\ dþep¡ R>¡ A_¡ Adpfu `l¡gu S> qaëd b^pC lp¡ b^pC_p h¡QpZâQpf dpV¡$ L„$`_u DÐkyL$ R>¡. '

Ar_g L$`|f kp\¡ rlfp¡B_ sfuL¡$ rië`p i¡Ë$u A_¡ L$urs® f¡Í$u_¡ gC_¡ b^pC lp¡ b^pC qaëd b_ph_pf qX$f¡¼V$f ksui L$p¥riL$ L$l¡ R>¡, "b^pC lp¡ b^pCdp„ lufp¡ (Ar_g L$`|f) ÅX$p¡`pX$p¡ R>¡. A¡_p ifuf_u S>¡d s¡_y„ qv$g `Z rhipm R>¡. Äep„ Åe R>¡ Ðep„ hpsphfZdp„ Myiu gphu v¡$ R>¡. d_¡ Apip R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡qX$eÞk_¡ A¡ Qp¡½$k Ndu S>i¡. rlÞv$u qaëdp¡dp Aphy„ `pÓ `l¡gp„ L$v$u Apìey„ _\u.'

ÅX$p`pX$p lufp¡_p fp¡g dpV¡$ Aq_g¡ M|b b^p„ kp¡ãV$ qX²$Þ¼k A_¡ kdp¡kp„ MpC MpC_¡ Mpk hS>_ h^pey¯ lsy„.¡

kdpf„cdp„ bpmL$p¡ dpV¡$ dpõL$, N°pqaL$ _p¡h¡g A_¡ L$gf byL$ gp¡ÞQ L$fhpdp„ Aphu A_¡ bpmL$p¡ Üpfp S> Nusp¡X$pÞk fS|> L$fhpdp„ Apìep„. s¡dp„ `pR>m\u L$urs® f¡Í$u, Ar_g A_¡ ksui L$p¥riL$ `Z Å¡X$pep„ lsp„.

kdpf„cdp„ Adqfi `yfu, kyf¡i d¡__, A_„N v¡$kpC, V$p¡gy bÅS> (qX$[õV²$åeyV$f) A_¡ Dv$e dp\yf (A¡Ndp¡ÞV$ B[ÞX$ep rgrdV¡$X$_p d¡_¡tS>N qX$f¡¼V$f) `Z lpS>f lsp.

ApBX$ubuApBA¡ k„S>e v$Ñ_u qaëd_¡ apB_pÞk L$ey¯
qX$f¡¼V$f ky^uf rdîpA¡ k„S>e v$Ñ_¡ gC_¡ b_ph¡gu qaëd dpV¡$ ApBX$ubuApB (BÞX$[õV²eg X¡$hg`d¡ÞV$ b¡ÞL$ Ap¡a B[ÞX$ep)A¡ _pZp„ `|fp„ `pX$ép„ R>¡.

A¡L$ fps AQp_L$ _pd_u Ap qaëddp„ k„S>e v$Ñ kp\¡ s¡S>[õh_u L$p¡ëlp`yf¡ R>¡.

qaëd_u `V$L$\p A_yfpN L$íe`¡ gMu R>¡. A_yfpN Ap `l¡gp„ kÐep, L$p¥_, i|g A_¡ `p„Q S>¡hu qaëdp¡ gMu Q|¼ep R>¡.

k_u v¡$Ap¡g \p¡X$p¡ Sy>v$p¡ gpNi¡
k_u v¡$Ap¡g¡ `p¡sp_u ApNpdu raëd ^ lufp¡ dpV¡$ dp\p_p hpm f„Nu _p¿ep R>¡.

2001_u ky`frlV$ qaëd Nv$f-A¡L$ â¡dL$\p_p qX$f¡¼V$f Ar_g idp®_u Ap qaëddp„ k_u kp\¡ rlfp¡B_ Ardjp `V¡$g lsu.

^ lufp¡dp„ âuV$u rTÞV$p rlfp¡B_ R>¡ A_¡ k„Nus qv$g sp¡ `pNg l¥ a¡d DÑd tkl¡ Apàey„ R>¡.

õ`pBX$f d¡__u dp¡lÅm
lp¡guh|X$_u ågp¡L$bõV$f qaëd õ`pBX$f d¡_ cpfsdp„ `Z ^|d dQphu flu R>¡.

L$dpZudp„ l¡fu `p¡V$f A_¡ ^ kp¡L$fk® õVp¡_¡> S>¡hu buÆ lp¡guh|X$_u qaëdp¡_¡ `Z s¡Z¡ `pR>m fpMu v$u^u R>¡.

qaëd_p h¡QpZ A_¡ âQpf `pR>m A¡L$ L$fp¡X$\u `Z h^y ê$r`ep MQpep® R>¡. cpfsue qX$[õV²$åeyV$k£ h^y gp¡L$p¡_¡ ApL$j®hp dpV¡$ qaëd_¡ âpv¡$riL$ cpjpAp¡dp„ X$b `Z L$fu v$u^u R>¡.

cpfscfdp„ qaëd_u 225 râÞV¹$k qfrgT \C R>¡. AÐepf ky^udp„ lp¡guh|X$_u L$p¡C `Z qaëd_u ApV$gu râÞV¹k qfrgT \C _\u.

1857_p¡ bmhp¡ qaëdê$`¡
rdQ®dkpgp, lp¡gu, ch_u chpC, dpep d¡dkpb S>¡hu qaëdp¡_p qX$f¡¼V$f L¡$s_ dl¡sp lh¡ cpfs_u ApTpvu hMs_p 1857_p rhàgh `f qaëd b_phi¡.

1857 : ^ fpBtTN _pd_u Ap qaëd 100 rdq_V$_p ÓZ l`spdp„ hl¢Qpe¡gu li¡. [õ¾$àV$ apfyM ^p¢X$uA¡ gMu R>¡.

L¡$s_ dl¡sp k„NusL$pf sfuL¡$ A¡. Apf. fl¡dp__¡ g¡hp dpN¡ R>¡. lÆ Å¡L¡$ L$gpL$pfp¡_p„ _pd _½$u _\u \ep„.

fhu_p V„$X$_ : _hp Ahspfdp„
fhu_p V„$X$_¡ klpfp B[ÞX$ep L„$`_u_p kyb°sp¡ fpe kp\¡ dmu_¡ âp¡X$¼i_ L„$`_u iê$ L$fu R>¡.

L„$`_uA¡ k„S>e. A¡a. Nyàsp, B. r_hpk, ifb_u v¡$h^f A_¡ k„Nus rkh__¡ A¡L$ A¡L$ qaëd_y„ qv$Áv$i®_ kp¢`u v$u^y„ R>¡. Å¡L¡$ Apdp„_u A¡L¡e qaëddp„ L$ep L$gpL$pfp¡ L$pd L$fi¡ s¡ lÆ _½$u \ey„ _\u.

Å¡X$u _„bf h__u Å¡X$u afu kp\¡
Np¡thv$p A_¡ k„S>e v$Ñ afu kp\¡ Aphu füp R>¡.

X¡$rhX$ ^h__u qaëd A¡L$ Ap¥f A¡L$ Áepfldp„ k„S>e A_¡ Np¡thv$p kp\¡ L$pd L$fi¡.

qaëd_y„ r_dp®Z kycpj OpC L$fi¡. NusL$pf sfuL¡$ kduf A_¡ k„Nus qv$g Qplsp l¥_u rÓ`yV$u i„L$f-Al¡kp_-gp¡e Ap`i¡.

^h_, Np¡thv$p A_¡ k„S>e v$Ñ Å¡X$u _„bf h_ A_¡ lku_p dp_ Åe¡Nu qaëdp¡dp„ ANpD L$pd L$fu Q|¼ep R>¡.

kprhÓu, du_pnu, dpqfep A_¡ sby
sby lh¡ kprhÓu b_i¡. qX$f¡¼V$f `Ë$prc fpdp f¡Í$u_u g¡V¡$õV$ qaëd kprhÓudp„ s¡_u kp\¡ fplzg v¡$h A_¡ rhS>e fpT `Z li¡.

81 hj®_p fpdp f¡Í$u '70_p v$peL$pdp„ k„õL$pf _pd_u L$Þ_X$ qaëd b_phu Q|¼ep R>¡. A¡ qaëd dpV¡$ s¡d_¡ Np¡ëX$_ gpe_ A¡hp¡X®$ `Z A¡_pes \ep¡ lsp¡.

sby Apd¡e Q¡g¡[ÞS„N fp¡g L$fhp dpV¡$ ÅZusu R>¡.

ÅZusp rQÓL$pf A¡d. A¡a. lyk¡_ `Z s¡d_u ApNpdu qaëd du_pnu : A¡ V¡$g Ap¡a \°u rkV$uTdp„ sby_¡ rlfp¡B_ sfuL¡$ g¡hp_p R>¡.

qaëddp„ sby du_pnu _pd_u fpS>õ\p_u ÷u_u A_¡ dpqfep _pd_u T¡L$p¡õgp¡h¡qL$ep_u ÷u_u c|rdL$p L$fi¡. qaëddp„ _hp¡qv$s A¡¼V$f Ly$Zpg R>¡.

qaëd 2002_p kàV¡$çbfdp„ qfrgT \i¡.

ANpD lzk¡_ dp^yfu v$urns_¡ gC_¡ NS>Nprd_u _pd_u qaëd b_phu Q|¼ep R>¡.

k„L$g_ : Np¥sd l¡NX¡$

Ap B^f D^f L$u Ap`_¡ L¡$hu gpNu?