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1985dp„ A_pds Ap„v$p¡g_ hMs¡ Adv$phpv$_p S>¡lpv$u õhcph_p MpqX$epdp„ \e¡gu `p¡guk l¡X$ L$p¡ÞõV¡$bg_u lÐep_¡ L$pfZ¡ L¡$ÞÖ_p â^p_ lfu_ `pW$L¡$ A_¡ fpÄe_p â^p_ Aip¡L$ cË¡$ â^p_`vy$„ Nydphhy„ `X$éy„ R>¡. AÐepf ky^u NyS>fps_p v$f¡L$ Ap„v$p¡g_ hMs¡ L¡$ÞÖõ\p_¡ fl¡g„y MpqX$ep L¡$hy„ R>¡? MpqX$ephpkuAp¡ L¡$hp R>¡? MpqX$ep_p¡ [õ`qfV$ L¡$hp¡ R>¡?

Adv$phpv$dp„ Aph¡gp¡ A¡L$ gpM hkrs ^fphsp¡ MpqX$ep rhõspf NyS>fpsdp„ S> lp¡hp R>sp„ NyS>fps_p L$p¡C `Z il¡f_p L$p¡C `Z rhõspf\u Sy>v$p¡ `X¡$ R>¡. MpqX$ep rhv¡$i_p„ AMbpfp¡, f¡qX$ep¡, V$uhu `f hpf„hpf Qd¼ey„ R>¡.

Al]\u iê$ \e¡gp„ Ap„v$p¡g_p¡A¡ L„$CL¡$V$gpe dy¿ed„ÓuAp¡_u Npv$u lgphu _pMu R>¡. Al] cZsf_y„ âdpZ 90 V$L$p S>¡V$gy„ d_pe R>¡. MpqX$ephpku AÞepe kl_ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. NyS>fpsdp„ A_¡ L$v$pQ cpfscfdp„ A¡L$ S> rhõspfdp„ kp¥\u h^y iluv$p¡ MpqX$epdp„ \ep li¡. iluv$p¡_u epv$dp„ b_¡gu Al] _p_u-dp¡V$u 100 S>¡V$gu Mp„cuAp¡ R>¡. dp¡fpfÆ v¡$kpC Adv$phpv$_p ¼g¡¼V$f lsp Ðepf¡ MpqX$epdp„ fl¡sp lsp. kfv$pf hëgccpC `V¡$g Adv$phpv$ çeyr_rk`prgV$u_p âdyM lsp Ðepf¡ bmh„sfpe W$pL$p¡f kp\¡ v$ffp¡S> kp„S>¡ MpqX$ep_u awV$`p\ `f c¡Np \sp A_¡ "crS>ep ¼gb' Qgphsp lsp.

ÅZusp lpõeg¡ML$p¡ spfL$ dl¡sp, r_f„S>_ rÓh¡v$u, rh_p¡v$ cË$, Aip¡L$ v$h¡, âbp¡^ Å¡iu hN¡f¡ MpqX$ep_p„ k„sp_p¡ R>¡. bL$p¡f `V¡$g_p kS>®L$ lqfâkpv$ ìepk, lpõe L$gpL$pfp¡ de|f ip÷u-dl¡i ip÷u, `ÓL$pfp¡ hpkyv¡$h dl¡sp-Aip¡L$ lj® s¡d S> k„NusL$pf Arh_pi ìepk A_¡ `yfyjp¡Ñd D`pÝepe_y„ d|m hs_ `Z MpqX$ep S> R>¡.

L¡$rgL$p¡ rdghpmp dN_cpC L$fdQ„v$_p¡ S>Þd MpqX$ep_u L$pd¡ðf_u `p¡mdp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. A„bpgpg kpfpcpCA¡ b_ph¡gu b¡_d|_ L$p¡sfZuhpmu lh¡gu lSy> `Z MpqX$epdp„ R>¡. (S>¡_u skhufp¡ `pX$hp_u d_pC R>¡.) Ap lh¡gudp„ S> NyS>fps_p k`|s A_¡ rhð_p ky¿eps h¥opr_L$ rh¾$dcpC kpfpcpC_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡. V¡$¼kV$pBg qL„$N rQ_ycpC b¡fp¡_¡V$ A_¡ s¡d_p `yÓ Dv$e_ b¡fp¡_¡V$¡ `Z MpqX$ep_y„ _pd fp¡i_ L$ey¯ R>. Dv$e_ b¡fp¡_¡V¡$ Ap„sffpô²$ue i|qV„$N õ`^p®dp„ cpN gu^p¡ lsp¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ NyS>fps lp¡dNpX®$_p Qua L$dpÞX$f `Z lsp. "k¡hp' k„õ\phpmp„ kdpS>k¡rhL$p Bgpbl¡_ cË$_y„ d|m hs_ `Z MpqX$ep. dlpNyS>fps_p Ap„v$p¡g_ hMs¡ BÞvy$gpg eproL$_u Ap¡qak MpqX$epdp„ lsu.

Äepf¡ NyS>fpsdp„ dy[õgdp¡_y„ fpS> lsy„ Ðepf¡ MpqX$ep AL$bf`yfp sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpsy„ lsy„. rlÞvy$Ap¡_¡ MpqX$epdp„ âh¡ihp_p¡ lL$ `l¡gu hpf 1560dp„ dþep¡ lsp¡. `„Åb\u rlÞvy$Ap¡_¡ gphu_¡ Al] hkphhpdp„ Apìep lsp. v$uhp_ Opkufpd Al] Aph_pf `l¡gp rlÞvy$ lsp. v$uhp_ Opkufpd_p _pd `f\u ApS>¡ Adv$phpv$dp„ `p¡m R>¡. lpgdp„ MpqX$epdp„ Aph¡gu ^p¡bu_u `p¡mdp„ `l¡gp„ MpX$p¡ lsp¡ A_¡ Ðep„ hph lsu, Äep„ gp¡L$p¡ L$`X$p„ ^p¡sp„ A¡V$g¡ Ap rhõspf_y„ _pd MpqX$ep `X$éy„.

kÑp^pfuAp¡_p¡ AÞepe kl_ _l] L$fhp dpV¡$ `„L$pe¡gy„ MpqX$ep 1857_p A„N°¡Å¡ kpd¡_p bmhp_p kde¡ ip„s füy„ lsy„, `f„sy 1880dp„ MpqX$epdp„ d^yk|v$_ õhpdu _pd_p A¡L$ âMf k„Þepku Apìep A_¡ s¡Ap¡ MpqX$epdp„ õ\peu \ep. s¡dZ¡ MpqX$ep_p s¡ kde_p AN°ZuAp¡ A„bpgpg kpL$fgpg, rQ_ycpC dp^hgpg hN¡f¡_u dv$v$\u "h¡v$ k_ps_ kcp'_u õ\p`_p L$fu A_¡ fpô²$cph_p ×Y$ L$fhp_u Ty„b¡i iê$ L$fu. s¡ hMs¡ dp„X$hu_u `p¡mdp„ L$Þep L¡$mhZu_p Ap¡W$p _uQ¡ rÀõsu rdi_fuAp¡ cpfsue k„õL©$rs_u bv$bp¡C L$fsu âh©rÑ L$fsp lsp. "h¡v$ k_ps_ kcp'A¡ s¡ âh©rÑ b„^ L$fphu lsu. s¡ S> fus¡ rlÞvy$ rhõspfp¡dp„\u Np¡fp gíL$f dpV¡$ dp„k, Myëgu NpX$uAp¡ S>su lsu s¡_¡ MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡A¡ fp¡L$u_¡ b„^ L$fphu. 1905dp„ b„Npm\u grgsdp¡l_ Op¡j kp\¡ L$p`X$ DÛp¡N iuMhp Aph¡gp b„NpmuAp¡ MpqX$ep_u v¡$kpC_u `p¡mdp„ füp lsp. Ap b„Npmu eyhp_p¡A¡ MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡_¡ bp¡çb b_phsp„ A_¡ h„v¡$dpsfd¹ Npsp„ iuMìey„ lsy„. "evy$Ly$m_p Brslpk' _pd_u bp¡çb b_phhp A„N¡_u `y[õsL$p MpqX$epdp„ S> R>`pC_¡ hl¢QpC lsu.

1909dp„ L$_®g hpegu_u lÐep L$fhp dpV¡$ dv$_gpg t^Nfp_¡ g„X$_dp„ ap„ku \C lsu. hpBkfp¡e gp¡X®$ rdÞV$p¡ Adv$phpv$ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d_p `f bp¡çb _pMu_¡ t^Nfp_u ap„ku_p¡ bv$gp¡ g¡hp_y„ _½$u \ey„. hX$p¡v$fp_p ¾$p„rsL$pfu dp¡l_gpg `„X$épA¡ MpqX$ep_p DØpd S|>\ kp\¡ gp¡X®$ rdÞV$p¡ `f bp¡çb _pMhp_u ep¡S>_p b_phu lsu. MpqX$ep_u S|>_p `p¡gukN¡V$ `pk¡_p X$¡gpdp„ bp¡çb b_phhpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. ApS>¡ Ap X$¡gpdp„ b¡ÞL$ Ap¡a bfp¡X$p_u b°pÞQ R>¡. 1909_u 13du _h¡çbf¡ rdÞV$p¡ Adv$phpv$ Apìep Ðepf¡ L$p`X$uhpX$ _ÆL$ s¡d_p `f bp¡çb _pMhpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡, `f„sy s¡Ap¡ bQu Nep lsp.

Np„^uÆA¡ fpô²$OX$sf_p L$pe®¾$ddp„ v$pê$b„^u_¡ dlÒh Apàey„ s¡ `l¡gp„ MpqX$ep_p X$p¡¼V$f _ugL„$W$fpe R>Ó`rsA¡ 1883_p Npmpdp„ v$pê$_u bv$u kpd¡ S>¡lpv$ S>Nphu lsu A_¡ 33 hj®_u eyhp_ Jdf¡ _¡Ólu_ \C Nep `R>u `Z v$pê$b„^u_u âh©rÑ Qpgy fpMu lsu. MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡_p¡ Aphp¡ [õ`qfV$ A„N°¡Å¡ kpd¡_p Ap„v$p¡g_dp„ `Z Å¡hp dmsp¡. 1942dp„ MpqX$ep rhõspfdp„ bp¡bu _pd_p `p¡guk BÞõ`¡¼V$f_p¡ L$pmp¡ L¡$f hsp®sp¡ lsp¡. lp¡mu_p qv$hk¡ s¡Z¡ kp„S>¡ R> hpÁep `l¡gp„ lp¡mu kmNphu g¡hp dpV¡$ L$l¡gy„ A¡_u v$pT MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡_¡ lsu. Ap bp¡bu v$ffp¡S> fpÓ¡ v$pê$ `u_¡ MpqX$epdp„\u dp¡V$fkpBL$g D`f `kpf \sp¡. A¡L$ fpÓ¡ MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡A¡ BÞõ`¡¼V$f bp¡bu_p `kpf \hp_p fõs¡ N°uk Qp¡`X$éy„ A_¡ L$pmp f„N_p spf ApX$p bp„^u v$u^p. bp¡bu fpÓ¡ _ipdp„ Apìep¡ A_¡ spf v¡$Mpep _l] A¡V$g¡ NbX$u `X$ép¡. A¡V$g¡ k„spe¡gp MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡A¡ v$p¡X$u_¡ bp¡bu_y„ `pV$g|_ L$pY$u gu^y„. buS>¡ qv$hk¡ L$pmp `pqV$ep `f gMpZ g¿ey„ L¡$, ""S>X$éy„ R>¡, S>X$éy„ R>¡, bp¡bu_y„ `pV$g|_ S>X$éy„ R>¡!''

MpqX$ephpkuAp¡ kÑp^uip¡ kp\¡, `p¡guk kp\¡ l„d¡ip„ k„Oj®dp„ Esfsp„ füp R>¡. _hr_dp®Z Ap„v$p¡g__u iê$Aps Al]\u \C lsu A_¡ 16 S>¡V$gp MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡ A¡ Ap„v$p¡g_dp„ iluv$ \ep lsp. 1985_p A_pds Ap„v$p¡g_ hMs¡ hqf›$ _pd_p `p¡guk Ar^L$pfu kpd¡ MpqX$ep_u V$½$f v¡$irhv¡$idp„ NpÆ lsu. Apf.L¡$. hqk›¡$ MpqX$ep_u `Mpgu_u `p¡m _ÆL$ Aph¡gu A¡L$ iluv$_u Mp„cu sp¡X$u _pMu A¡V$g¡ MpqX$ephpkuAp¡ A¡d_u kpd¡ huaep® lsp. 1985_p Ap„v$p¡g_ hMs¡ `Mpgu_u `p¡mdp„ fl¡sp A_¡ dpBL$g_p D`_pd\u ÅZusp \e¡gp v$u`L$ `V¡$g A¡L$ N¡fugp_u Ly$imsp\u `p¡gukp¡ kpd¡ gX$s Qgphsp lsp. s¡Ap¡ `p¡guk_p L$bÅdp„\u qV$efN¡k_p k¡g_u `¡V$u KQL$u gphsp A_¡ A¡ S> qV$efN¡k_p k¡g `p¡guk õV¡$i_dp„ _pMu Aphsp. `p¡guk Äepf¡ V$p¡mp `f qV$efN¡k k¡g _pMsu Ðepf¡ MpqX$ep_p eyhp_p¡ A¡_¡ kmNsp L$pL$X$p hX¡$ kmNphu _pM¡, S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ k¡g rb_AkfL$pfL$ \C Åe A_¡ Ap„Mp¡ bm¡ _l]. Al]_u `p¡mp¡dp„ A¡L$ hpf L$p¡C ìe[¼s O|ku Åe A¡V$g¡ s¡_¡ `L$X$hp¡ cpf¡ `X$u Åe. Al]_u `p¡mp¡_u fQ_p A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ A¡L$ `p¡mdp„\u buÆ `p¡mdp„ \C_¡ ÓuÆ-Qp¡\udp„ Apkp_u\u cpNu S>C iL$pe.

MpqX$ep_u i¡fu, `p¡m, MX$L$uAp¡_p„ `Z ÅsÅs_p„ _pdp¡ R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ O¡gp h¥óZh_u MX$L$u, b°û`yfu_u `p¡m, cS>Np¡thv$_u MX$L$u, gudX$p_u `p¡m hN¡f¡. Ap b^u `p¡m, MX$L$u L¡$ i¡fudp„ fl¡sp MpqX$ephpkuAp¡ fpS>L$ue fus¡ M|b ÅN°s A_¡ bp¡gL$p R>¡. Al] A¡L$ S> Ly$Vy„$bdp„ Sy>v$uSy>v$u fpS>L$ue rhQpfkfZu ^fphsp ìe[¼sAp¡ Q|„V$Zu kde¡ A¡L$buÅ kpd¡ âQpf L$fhp_u "dp¡fg' tlds ^fph¡ R>¡.

MpqX$epdp„ flu_¡ ER>f_pf ìe[¼s Nd¡ s¡V$gp dp¡V$p lp¡Øp `f `lp¢Q¡ R>sp„ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ s¡_p `N S>du_ `f Mp¡X$pe¡gp S> fl¡. ÅZusp DÛp¡N`rs rQ_ycpC b¡fp¡_¡V$_p„ `yÓh^| s_ydsubl¡_ MpqX$ep_u `p¡mdp„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡mdp„ S>¡V$gp„ hX$ugp¡ b¡W$p„ lp¡e s¡d_¡ dp\¡ Ap¡Y$u_¡ `N¡ gpN¡ S>! s_ydsubl¡__p„ A¡L$ fbpfZ bl¡_`Zu lufpbl¡_ lsp„. s_ydsubl¡_ lufpbl¡__¡ dmhp Aphsp„ Ðepf¡ s¡d_u kp\¡ MpV$gp `f b¡ku_¡ r`Ñm_u fL$pbudp„ S> Qp `usp„.

MpqX$ephpkuAp¡ Å¡ _pfpS> \pe sp¡ Nd¡ s¡hu dlp_ lõsu_u `Z v$fL$pf fpM¡ _l]. kfv$pf hëgccpC `V¡$g\u L$p¡C L$pfZkf Al]_p gp¡L$p¡ _pfpS> \e¡gp Ðepf¡ s¡d_p¡ lzqfep¡ bp¡gpìep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ kfv$pf `V¡$g_p Mpk Dd¡v$hpf_¡ L$p¡`p£f¡i_dp„ lfpìep `Z lsp. 1956\u 1970 ky^u MpqX$epA¡ kss dp¡fpfÆ v¡$kpC_p¡ rhfp¡^ L$ep£ lsp¡ A_¡ s¡d_¡ ^yÐL$pep® lsp, `f„sy BdfS>Þku hMs¡ s¡Ap¡ S>¡gdp„ Nep `R>u MpqX$ephpkuAp¡_¡ s¡d_¡ dpV¡$ dp_ \ey„ lsy„. 1972dp„ MpqX$ep_p ^pfpkæe X$p¡. ArS>s `V¡$g¡ ^pfpkæe bÞep `R>u Of bvëey„ A¡V$g¡ `R>u_u Q|„V$Zu s¡Ap¡ Æsu i¼ep _l]. ÓZ hMs â^p_ b_¡gp Aip¡L$ cË$ `Z Np„^u_Nf_p¡ b„Ngp¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ MpqX$ep_p `yfpZp dL$p_dp„ S> fl¡ R>¡. MpqX$ephpkuAp¡ MyØpfu_u hps L$fsp„ ^fpe _l]. ApS>¡ MpqX$epdp„ 500 õhps„Ôek¡_p_uAp¡ A¡hp R>¡ S>¡Ap¡ `¡Þi_ g¡sp _\u. L¡$V$gpL$ A`hpv$_¡ bpv$ L$fsp„ MpqX$ep l„d¡ip„ L$p¢N°¡krhfp¡^u füy„ R>¡.

MpqX$ep_p gp¡L$p¡ Mphp_p `Z M|b ip¡Mu_ R>¡. Al] fpÓ¡ 12 hpÁe¡ `Z Ofp¡dp„ crS>ep„ A_¡ Qp_u dl¡qag Åd¡gu S> lp¡e. MpqX$epdp„ `¡v$p \e¡gp dp¡V$p cpN_p lpõeg¡ML$p¡ A„rbL$p lp¡V¡$g_u awghX$u_p M|b ip¡Mu_ füp R>¡. MpqX$epdp„ Aph¡gu "Q„Örhgpk' lp¡V¡$g_p„ Np„qW$ep-S>g¡bu ApS>¡ `Z "A_buV¡$bg' d_pe R>¡. A¡d L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ Q|„V$Zudp„ MpqX$ep_p Dd¡v$hpf Ecp fl¡hp_p lp¡e s¡Ap¡ Q|„V$Zu ap¡d® cfsp„ `l¡gp„ kfOk L$pY$u_¡ "Q„Örhgpk' lp¡V¡$g Åe A_¡ Ðep„ Np„qW$ep-S>g¡bu Mp^p `R>u S> Q|„V$Zu_y„ ap¡d® cf¡! "Q„Örhgpk'_u S>g¡bu lSy> `Z gp¡L$p¡ rhv¡$i ky^u gC Åe R>¡ A_¡ Al]_u V¡$õV$u v$pm_u qX$dpÞX$ lÆ `Z AL$b„^ flu R>¡.

MpqX$epdp„ Aph¡gp fpe`yf v$fhpÅ _ÆL$_p fpe`yf crS>ep„ lpDk_p„ dfQp„ A_¡ bV$pV$p_p„ crS>ep„ M|b hMZpe R>¡. fpÓ¡ 12 hpÁe¡ rdg R|>V¡$ Ðepf¡ Al] NfdpNfd crS>ep„ Esf¡ A_¡ crS>ep„ Mfuv$hp dpV¡$ gpB_ gpN¡. hpX$ugpg ApBk¾$ud_p õ\p`L$ bQycpC Np„^uA¡ s¡d_p ^„^p_u iê$Aps MpqX$epdp„ kp¡X$p_u vy$L$p_\u L$fu lsu. hpXu$gpg ApBk¾$ud_u `l¡gu a¡¼V$fu `Z MpqX$epdp„ lsu.

`¡ihpAp¡ cpNu_¡ NyS>fps sfa Apìep Ðepf¡ MpqX$ep rhõspfdp„ füp lsp. `¡ihp rhW$p¡bp rhÌ$g cNhp__p„ v$i®_ L$ep® hNf S>dsp _l] A¡V$g¡ s¡dZ¡ rhÌ$g d„qv$f b_pìey„ lsy„. Adv$phpv$_y„ A¡L$dpÓ rhÌ$g d„qv$f MpqX$epdp„ R>¡. MpqX$epdp„ dy[õgdp¡_u hkrs dp„X$ 300-400 S>¡V$gu li¡. MpqX$epdp„ A¡L$ d[õS>v$ R>¡ A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$_¡ ÅZu_¡ Apòe® \i¡ L¡$ A¡_y„ k„Qpg_ L$prs®L$cpC ep¡Ùp _pd_p rlÞvy$ cpC L$f¡ R>¡, `f„sy Ap d[õS>v$dp„ _dpS> `Y$hp dpV¡$ a¼s A¡L$ dykgdp_ cpC Aph¡ R>¡.

k„Å¡Np¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ Adv$phpv$_p buÅ cpNdp„ fl¡hp S>_pf MpqX$ephpku_¡ qv$hkdp„ A¡L$ hpf MpqX$ep_p¡ Ap„V$p¡ dpep® hNf Qpgsy„ _\u. MpqX$epdp„\u blpf Ne¡gpAp¡ `Z `p¡sp_p¡ Akg MpqX$ep [õ`qfV$ c|gsp _\u. R>¡ëgp„ \p¡X$p„ hjp£\u Adv$phpv$_p _pfZ`fp A_¡ _hf„N`fp rhõspfdp„ d|m MpqX$ephpkuAp¡A¡ hkhp_y„ Qpgy L$ey¯ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ lh¡ Adv$phpv$dp„ Äepf¡ `Z sp¡ap_p¡ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ Adv$phpv$_p„ AMbpfp¡_u l¡X$gpBÞkdp„ _pfZ`fp A_¡ _hf„N`fp `Z kmN¡ R>¡! Aip¡L$ cË¡$ A¡L$ hMs L$üy„ lsy„, ""MpqX$ep A¡L$ õhcph R>¡. A¡ L$p¡C_¡ spb¡ \pe _l]. vy$r_ep_p L$p¡C `Z cpNdp„ MpqX$ephpku li¡ A¡ AÞepe kpd¡ ârsL$pf L$fi¡ S>.''

skhufp¡dp„ Adv$phpv$_u `p¡mp¡_p„ dL$p_p¡_y„ _pSy>L$ _L$iuL$pd sp×íe \pe R>¡

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?