Ad¡qfL$pdp„ v¡$iuAp¡_p Brslpk_u iêAps

149fdp„ q¾õV$p¡af L$p¡g„bk cpfs Aphhp _uL$m¡gp¡. `lp¢Qu Nep¡ Ad¡qfL$p_¡ qL$_pf¡. s¡Z¡ s¡ _hu, AÅZu c|rd_¡ cpfs dp_¡gu. A_¡ Ðep„ fl¡_pfp_¡ s¡Z¡ _pd Ap`u v$u^¡gy„ : "f¡X$ B[ÞX$eÞk'. ApS>¡ s¡Ap¡ Ad¡qfL$_ B[ÞX$eÞk sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. L$p¡g„bk¡ L$f¡gu c|g L$v$u ky^pfpC S> _l]. lÆ `Z Ad¡qfL$p_p Ap d|m dprgL$p¡ dpV¡$ kfL$pfdp„ "åeyfp¡ Ap¡a B[ÞX$e_ Aa¡k®' _pd_y„ Mpsy„ R>¡. s¡\u BV$prge_ L¡$ S>d®_ gp¡L$p¡_u dpaL$ dpÓ B[ÞX$e_ sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMphhpdp„ lÆe N¡fkdS> \C iL¡$ R>¡. Al] Ap Apqv$hpkuAp¡ lÅfp¡ hj® `l¡gp„ kpBbuqfep_p W„$X$p `°v¡$idp„\u õ\mp„sf L$fu Aph¡gp. Ad¡qfL$p_u gpBb°¡fuAp¡, kfL$pfdp„ L¡$ BÞV$f_¡V$ `f cpfs v¡$i\u Aph¡gp cpfsuep¡_u dprlsu dpNsp dp¡V$p cpN¡ f¡X$ B[ÞX$e_p¡_u S> dprlsu dm¡ R>¡. ANpD v$rnZ A¡riep\u Aph¡gp_¡ rlÞvy$ NZpsp. AdyL$ Ad¡qfL$_ `yõsL$p¡dp„ cpfsuep¡_p¡ Dëg¡M "BõV$ B[ÞX$e_' sfuL¡$ \ep¡ R>¡. R>¡L$ 1980_u hkrsNZsfudp„ cpfsuep¡_u AgN NZsfu \C R>¡. Ad¡qfL$pdp„ õ\`pe¡gp„ k¢L$X$p¡ cpfsue d„X$mp¡ s¡d_p„ _pdp¡dp„ "BÞX$p¡-Ad¡qfL$_', "A¡rie_-Ad¡qfL$_' L¡$ "B[ÞX$e_-Ad¡qfL$_' iåv$p¡ hp`f¡ R>¡.

149f `R>u_p„ hjp£dp„ Ad¡qfL$p Aph_pf `l¡gp¡ cpfsue L$p¡Z lsp¡ s¡_u Qp¡½$k _p¢^ D`gå^ _\u, `f„sy Sy>v$p Sy>v$p f¡L$p¡X®$¹Tdp„ cpfsuep¡_p¡ Dëg¡M S>êf R>¡. 17f0 `R>u_p„ 30-40 hjp£dp„ HÁg¡ÞX$\u A_¡L$ cpfsuep¡ Ad¡qfL$p Apìep lsp. s¡Ap¡ Al] _p¡L$f L¡$ "Nygpd' b_u_¡ Aph¡gp. 1790dp„ A¡L$ rM°õsu `pv$fuA¡ A¡L$ dÖpku dpZk_¡ bp¡õV$_ _ÆL$_p kpg¡d il¡fdp„ dýep_u _p¢^ L$f¡gu R>¡.

s¡ `R>u, 1830-18``_p Afkpdp„ "B[ÞX$ep' Ad¡qfL$pdp„ kpQp A\£, kpfp„ L$pfZp¡kf ÅZusy„ \ey„. Np„^uÆA¡ S>¡d_u `pk¡\u "_pNqfL$ AklL$pf' iåv$ DR>u_p¡ gu^p¡ lsp¡ s¡ l¡_fu X¡$rhX$ \p¡fp¡ A_¡ s¡d_p L$rhrdÓ fpëa hpëX$p¡ Bdfk_¡ cp fs_u `°pQu_ k„õL©$rsdp„, ApÝep[ÐdL$sp A_¡ qagp¡kp¡audp„ E„X$p¡ fk gu^p¡ lsp¡. Þey ep¡L$®_u A¡L$ eyr_hrk®V$udp„ k„õL©$s iuMhhp_y„ 1836dp„ iê \e¡gy„. 1841dp„ A¡X$hX®$ k¡ëkbfuA¡ e¡g eyr_hrk®V$udp„ k„õL©$s_p ¼gpk iê L$f¡gp. s¡ `R>u 18`8dp„, L$gL$Ñp_p A¡L$ `pv$fu S>NsQ„v$f Np„Nygu bp¡õV$_ Apìep_u _p¢^ R>¡. 1883dp„ Ap_„v$ubpC Å¡iu `¡[Þkgh¡r_epdp„ d¡qX$L$g Aæepk dpV¡$ Aph¡gp„. Al] s¡dZ¡ dfpW$u i¥gudp„ S> kpX$gp¡ `l¡fhp_y„ Qpgy fpM¡gy„. Ad¡qfL$pdp„ cpfs_¡ NpS>sy„ L$ey¯ 1893dp„ õhpdu rhh¡L$p_„v¡$. Ad¡qfL$pdp„ Ap`¡gy„ s¡d_y„ cpjZ epv$Npf R>¡. 1917dp„ Ap_„v$ Ly$dpfõhpdu bp¡õV$__p çeyrTed Ap¡a apB_ ApV®$¹kdp„ Aphu_¡ fl¡gp. fhuÞÖ_p\ V$pNp¡f¡ `Z 191f-1930 v$frdep_ Qpf hpf Ad¡qfL$p_u kaf L$f¡gu.

A_¡L$ cpfsuep¡ Ad¡qfL$p A_¡ L¡$_¡X$p rb°V$_ \C_¡ `Z Aph¡gp. rb°V$__p„ fpZu rh¼V$p¡qfep_p fpÄeprcj¡L$_¡ 1897dp„ 60 hj® `|fp„ \ep„ Ðepf¡ s¡_u DS>hZu v$bv$bpc¡f \e¡gu. s¡ `°k„N¡ cpfsdp„ lpS>f qb°qV$i k¡_p_p L¡$V$gpL$$ cpfsuep¡_¡ `Z rb°V$_ Aphhp Apd„ÓZ dm¡gy„. Ap k¥r_L$p¡dp„\u L¡$V$gpL$ L¡$_¡X$p \C_¡ cpfs `pR>p af¡gp. DÑf Ad¡qfL$p_p s¡ `°v¡$ip¡\u s¡Ap¡ `°cprhs \C Nep. s¡dp„\u L¡$V$gpL$ afu `pR>p Ad¡qfL$p A_¡ L¡$_¡X$p_p„ M¡sfp¡ A_¡ S>„Ngp¡dp„ L$pd L$fhp `lp¢Qu Nep.

Nfub A_¡ dÝed hN®_p cpfsuep¡_u Ad¡qfL$_ L$\p Ap fus¡ iê \C d_pe R>¡. v$rnZ cpfs_p X¡$½$_ l¡fpëX$ AMbpfdp„ \p¡X$p„ hjp£ `l¡gp„ A¡L$ `yõsL$_p¡ qfìey R>`pep¡ lsp¡. S>¡dp„ v$p¡fpbÆ L$p„Np _pd_p `pfku kÄS>_ A_¡ s¡d_p rdÓ Ad¡qfL$_ `°dyM Ab°pld tgL$__¡ dm¡gp s¡_p¡ Dëg¡M R>¡. A¡ `yõsL$_y„ _pd lsy„, "Adpfu Ad¡qfL$_ dykpafu'. g¡ML¡$ tgL$__¡ "A¡L$ gp„bp kguL$X$p A_¡ budpf v¡$Mpsp dpZk' sfuL¡$ hZ®h¡gp. Ab°pld tgL$__u kpv$Nu A_¡ _d°sp_p„ s¡dp„ cpfp¡cpf hMpZ \e¡gp„. L$p¡C `Z `l¡fp rh_p fl¡sp tgL$_¡ s¡d_¡ Ås¡ b_ph¡gu Qp r`hX$phu lsu. Aakp¡k R>¡ L¡$ Ap `y[õsL$p lh¡ D`gå^ _\u.

19f7dp„ L¡$\fu_ d¡ep¡A¡ "d^f B[ÞX$ep' _pd_y„ `yõsL$ `°NV$ L$f¡gy„. S>¡_u f7 A¡qX$i_ `Qpk_p v$peL$p ky^u R>`pC Q|L$u lsu. Ly$ëg¡ AYu gpM _L$gp¡ h¡QpC lsu. Ap `yõsL¡$ "hkrs\u Mv$bv$sp cpfs'_u A¡L$sfau Bd¡S> Ecu L$f¡gu.

dlpfpÅ, _hpb, ep¡Nu, dv$pfu, `rhÓ Npe A_¡ v$p¡fX$p_u qV$²L$ L$f_pfp Åvy$Nfp¡_p v¡$i sfuL¡$_u cpfs_u Bd¡S> Np„^u A_¡ _¡lfyA¡ v¡$i_¡ ApTpv$u A`phu Ðep„ ky^u Qpgu. Np„^uÆ_u AtlkL$ gX$s¡ cpfs_u Ap„sffpô$²ue Bd¡S> bv$ghpdp„ dp¡V$p¡ cpN cS>ìep¡.

1917dp„ Ad¡qfL$_ L$p¡„N°¡k¡ "BrdN°¡i_ qfrS>ep¡_g qf[õV$²¼i_ A¡¼V$' `kpf L$ep£ lsp¡. cpfs krls AdyL$ A¡rie_ v¡$ip¡_u `°Å_¡ rhkp Ap`hp b„^ L$ep® s¡ `R>u ep¡NuAp¡, k„sp¡, rhÜp_p¡ A_¡ L$mpL$pfp¡ S> Ad¡qfL$p Aphu iL¡$gp.

19f0dp„ qv$gu`tkl kp¦Y L¡$rgap¡r_®epdp„ Aæepk L$fhp Aph¡gp. Ad¡qfL$_ L$p¢N°¡kdp„ Q|„V$p_pf s¡Ap¡ `°\d cpfsue lsp. `fdl„k ep¡Np_„v$ (19f0), S>¡. L©$óZd|rs® (19ff), lqfv$pk Qp¥^fu (19`1), dl¡i ep¡Nu (19`9) A_¡ c[¼sh¡v$p„s õhpdu `°cy`pv$ (196`)A¡ Ad¡qfL$p Aphu_¡ cpfsue ^d® A_¡ k„õL©$rs `f `°hQ_p¡ Ap`hp„ iê L$ep¯. lphX®$ eyr_hqk®V$udp„ d¡qX$L$g qfkQ® dpV¡$ 19f3dp„ hpe. kyåbpfph Ad¡qfL$p Aph¡gp. s¡ `R>u cpfs\u A_¡L$ rhÜp_p¡ Ad¡qfL$p rhrh^ k„ip¡^_p¡ L$fhp Apìep. s¡dp„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ _pd kyb°ûÎed Q„Öi¡Mf_y„ R>¡. 193`dp„ s¡Ap¡ lphX®$ L$p¡g¡S>_u h¡^ipmpdp„ g¡¼Qff b_¡gp.

cpfs\u Ad¡qfL$p Aphhp_p¡ rkgrkgp¡ TX$`u bÞep¡ `°dyM fyTh¡ëV$_p `°epkp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡. buÅ rhïheyÙ `R>u s¡dZ¡ A¡rie_p¡_¡ rhkp Ap`hpdp„ Dv$pfsp v$pMhhp_y„ _½$u L$ey¯. s¡ `R>u `°dyM V²y$d¡_¡ B[ÞX$e_ BrdN°¡i_ rbg `kpf L$ey¯. Ap rbg l¡W$m a¼s 100 cpfsuep¡_¡ Ad¡qfL$p Aphhp_u R|>V$ dmu.

A¡ A¡L$kp¡ cpfsuedp„ A¡L$ lsp X$püpcpC `V¡$g. X$püpcpC `V¡$g Ap hj®_u iê$Apsdp„ NyS>fu Nep R>¡. `f„sy 1999_p riepmpdp„ s¡dZ¡ s¡d_u OfX$u Ap„M¡ NyS>fu Ne¡gp S>dp_p_¡ hpNp¡msp„ hpNp¡msp„ OZu hpsp¡ L$fu lsu. s¡d_u dygpL$ps Aphsp ir_hpf¡.

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(1) 1955_u Agæe skhuf : kp_äp„rkõL$p¡_u l¡qfk_ lp¡V¡$g_p dprgL$ c|gpcpC h_dpmu `V¡$g_p„ `Ð_u A_¡ `yÓ lp¡V¡$g_u blpf. `yÓ fdZcpC lpg kp_äp„rkõL$p¡ fl¡ R>¡. s¡d_p `yÓ âdp¡v$ kp\¡ dp¡V¡$g_p¡ ìehkpe kamsp\u Qgph¡ R>¡
(2) fdZcpC 45 hj® `R>u. s¡d_p„ `Ð_u d„Sy>bl¡_ kp\¡

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