hX$p¡v$fp_p„ çeyrTed A_¡ rQÓN¡g¡fu_p dL$p__p `l¡gp dpm¡, `ròd sfa_p cpN¡, Æhk©rô$ A_¡ d_yóeÅrsip÷_p rhcpNp¡ R>¡. h_õ`rsip÷_p¡ rhcpN _uQ¡ c„X$qL$epdp„ R>¡. _ÆL$ Aph¡gu rhðprdÓ _v$udp„ `|f Aph¡ sp¡ Ap c„X$qL$epdp„ `pZu cfpC S>hp_u i¼esp `|f¡`|fu R>¡. 1942dp„ rhðprdÓu R>gL$pC lsu Ðepf¡ Al] `pZu cfpC Nep„ lsp„.
Æhk©rô$ rhcpNdp„ âpZuk©rô$_p õV$a L$f¡gp Å¡hpgpeL$ _d|_pAp¡ R>¡. L$fp¡X$fÄSy>hpmp A_¡ L$fp¡X$fÄSy>> hNf_p„ âpZuAp¡_¡ b¡ rhcpNdp hl¢Qu _pMhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. kõs_ âpZu rhcpNdp„ hp„v$fpAp¡\u dp„X$u_¡ Sy>v$pSy>v$p rhõspf_u rbgpX$uAp¡, Jv$fp¡, rMkL$p¡guAp¡_p Åmhu fpM¡gp Åscps_p _d|_pAp¡ R>¡. A[õ\rhop_ rhcpNdp„ d_yóe, rQç`pÞTu, tkl, rS>fpa s¡d S> Þey Tug¡ÞX$_y„ Agæe âpZu V$DV$pfp_p„ A[õ\Ap¡ R>¡. `p¥fprZL$ kdedp„ âpZuAp¡_p ifuf_u fQ_p ApS>\u L¡$V$gu qcÞ_ lsu A¡ kdS>hp dpNsp rhÛp\}Ap¡ dpV¡$ Ap rhcpN_u dygpL$ps AphíeL$ R>¡.

Ap S> rhcpNdp„ çeyrTed_y„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy„$ ApL$j®Z åëey hl¡g_y„ lpX$t`S>f `Z R>¡. 1944dp„ hX$p¡v$fp_u v$rnZ¡ dlu _v$udp„ 71.2 awV$ gp„by„ hl¡g_y„ bÃQy„ akpC Ney„ lsy„ A_¡ d©Ðey `pçey„ lsy„. 125 V$_ hS>__p hl¡g_p bÃQp_y„ lpX$t`S>f Al] kpQhu fpMhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

âpZuip÷ rhcpN_u `ròd¡ bpmL$p¡_u N¡g¡fu R>¡. âpZuk©rô$ rhi¡ bpmL$p¡_¡ DÐL„$W$p \pe A¡ dpV¡$ Ap rhcpNdp„ âpZuAp¡_p„ rhrh^ rQÓp¡ Üpfp Åscps_p„ âpZuAp¡_u Æh_`Ùrs, Mp¡fpL$, Dо$p„rs rhi¡ kdS> Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

c|õsfip÷_u kdS> Ap`hp dpV¡$ A¡L$ Mpk rhcpN R>¡ S>¡dp„ Ahp®Qu_ kde_p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âL$pf_p `Õ\fp¡, âpZuAp¡- h_õ`rsAp¡_p Ahi¡jp¡ s¡d S> Ly$v$fsu fus¡ b_¡gp„ fkpeZp¡_p `Õ\fp¡ fpMhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. M_uS> N¡g¡fudp„ v¡$icfdp„\u c¡Np L$fhpdp„ Aph¡gp M_uS>_p rhrh^ _d|_pAp¡ R>¡. Ap¡¼kpBX¹$k, L$pbp£_¡V¹$k, këa¡V¹$k, ap¡õa¡V¹$k S>¡hp f„Nb¡f„Nu M_uÅ¡_u kp\¡ A¡d_u D`ep¡qNsp_u kdS> `Z Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ahi¡jip÷_p AæepkuAp¡_¡ dTp `X$u Åe A¡V$gp b^p âL$pf_u h_õ`rsAp¡ A_¡ âpZuAp¡_p Ahi¡jp¡_p _d|_pAp¡ Al] R>¡.
A¡\_p¡N°pau (dp_hÅs_y„ rhop_) A¡\_p¡gp¡Æ (d_yóeÅrsip÷) s¡d S> ap¡¼gp¡f (gp¡L$kprlÐe)_¡ kp„L$msp¡ A¡L$ Mpk rhcpN `Z "hX$p¡v$fp çeyrTed A_¡ rQÓN¡g¡fu'dp„ R>¡. rhð_p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p v¡$ip¡dp„ Dо$p„qs `R>u dp_hkdpS> L¡$hp¡ lsp¡ A¡_u Tp„Mu Ap rhcpNdp„\u dm¡ R>¡.

d_yóeÅrsAp¡ hÃQ¡_u kfMpdZuAp¡ A_¡ saphsp¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp âpQu_ kde_p„ M¡su_p„ kp^_p¡, Ofh`fpi_u kpdpÞe hõsyAp¡, k„Nus_p„ kp^_p¡ hN¡f¡ fpMhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. A¡\_p¡gp¡Æ rhcpNdp„ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡gu hõsyAp¡ Agæe R>¡. gp¡L$kprlÐe rhcpNdp„ DÑf cpfs_p gp¡L$kprlÐe_p„ ×íep¡, Sy>v$uSy>v$u ^prd®L$ rhr^Ap¡, ^„^p-DÛp¡Np¡ rhi¡ kdS>Z Ap`su L©$rsAp¡ R>¡. L$gL$Ñp_p L$pgud„qv$fdp„ QY$phhpdp„ Aphsp c¢k_p bgu\u dp„X$u_¡ b„Npm_p N°pdrhõspf_u Tp„Mu v$ip®hsu L©$rsAp¡ R>¡. Ap L©$rsAp¡ 19du kv$udp„ gM_p¥dp„ b_u lsu.
Sy>v$uSy>v$u oprsAp¡-ÅrsAp¡_p `l¡fh¡i_p _d|_pAp¡, A¡d_u hpm Ap¡mhp_u `ÙrsAp¡, `pOX$uAp¡, b„NX$uAp¡, Å¡X$pAp¡, R>fuAp¡, L$p„kL$pAp¡, lp\`„MpAp¡, A[Á_ `¡V$phhp_p„ kp^_p¡, gMhp_p„ kp^_p¡_p _d|_pAp¡... hN¡f¡_p¡ Av¹$cys k„N°l Al] R>¡. Sy>v$uSy>v$u rhr^Ap¡ dpV¡$ Sy>v$p„Sy>v$p„ rQÓp¡ v$p¡fu_¡ s¥epf L$f¡gp„ L|„$X$p„Ap¡, DÑf âv¡$i_u `p¡Vfu_u hõsyAp¡, V$p¡`guAp¡, b¡W$L$p¡, dpR>gu `L$X$hp_u ÅmuAp¡, `nu_p„ `p„S>fp„Ap¡ `Z Al] R>¡. ep¡N_u rhrh^ dyÖpAp¡ v$ip®hsp„ L$p`X$ `f v$p¡f¡gp„ rQÓp¡, dfpW$pAp¡dp„ d©Ðey `R>u_u rhr^ v$ip®hsu gpL$X$p_u L©$rsAp¡. v$rnZ cpfs_p d„qv$f_u L©$rsAp¡, fy$ÖhuZp, kfõhsuhuZp, spDkhuZp s¡d S> k„Nus_p„ buÅ„ `p¥fprZL$ kp^_p¡ Al] R>¡.

A¡qgTpb¡\ A_¡ kpk b_®f¡ v$p¡f¡gp„ hpO¡fp¡, cfhpX$p¡, fbpfuAp¡_p„ s¥grQÓp¡ s¡d S> hpO¡fp¡ L¡$hp âL$pf_u hõsyAp¡_p¡ Ofh`fpi dpV¡$ D`ep¡N L$fsp s¡_p _d|_pAp¡. cug, Qp¥^fu, Npdus S>¡hp Apqv$hpkuAp¡_p„ Of¡Zp„Ap¡, `l¡fh¡i, s¡d S> Ofh`fpi_u hõsyAp¡_p _d|_pAp¡ `Z Al] R>¡. Ap„v$pdp_-r_L$p¡bpf V$p`yAp¡_p gp¡L$p¡ s¡d S> Apkpddp„ _pNp, rdqL$f A_¡ Mkp gp¡L$p¡_p„ âpQu_ lr\epfp¡, gpL$X$p_u ârsdpAp¡, V$p¡`gu hN¡f¡_p _d|_pAp¡ `Z Al] R>¡. rsb¡V$\u Mpk dNphhpdp„ Aph¡gp gpdp (bp¥Ù kp^y)_p„ L$`X$p„, QpB_uT rk½$pdp„\u b_¡gp kd©Ù rsb¡V$u ÷u_p„ h÷p¡ s¡d S> V$p¡`uAp¡, Y$pg, bpZ, fpBag, sghpf s¡d S> rsb¡¡V$u gp¡L$p¡_u Ofh`fpi_u hõsyAp¡, Qp_u L$u$V$gu, fL$pbuAp¡, àepgpAp¡_y„ Av¹$cys L$g¡¼i_ `Z Al] R>¡. _hpC gpN¡ A¡hu hps R>¡, `f„sy d_yóe_p„ lpX$L$p„dp„\u b_phhpdp„ Aph¡gy„ hpSy>„ `Z Al] R>¡! A¡ S> fus¡ Qu_, Å`p_, Af¡rbep A_¡ DÑf ApqäL$p s¡d S> Ad¡qfL$p_u âpQu_ k„õL©$rsdp„ h`fpsu rhrh^ hõsyAp¡ Al] R>¡. dlpfpÅ kepÆfph¡ eyNpÞX$p, L¡$Þep, Tp„Tubpf, _pBÆqfep, L$p¢Np¡ A_¡ v$rnZ ApqäL$p\u `Z Mpk hõsyAp¡ dNphu_¡ hX$p¡v$fp_p çeyrTed_¡ kd©Ù b_pìey„ R>¡. cpfsue, Qu_u, Å`p_uk, _¡`pmu, BrS>às, N°uL$, fp¡d_ A_¡ eyfp¡r`e_ k„õL©$rs_u Ad|ëe hõsyAp¡ `Z Al] R>¡. S>¡ rhi¡ rhNshpf Ap`Z¡ Aphsu L$pg¡ Å¡Ciy„.

skhufp¡ :
(1) l¥v$fpbpv$_y„ Ckhu k_ 1740_y„ `¡B[ÞV„$N
(2) hl¡g_y„ lpX$t`S>f
(3) BrS>às\u Mpk ghpe¡gu ddu
(4) v$p¡Y$kp¡\u h^y hj® S|>_u bp¥Ù `|Åõ\m_u ârsL©$rs
(5) Apif¡ 1500 hj® S|>_u NyS>fps_u hpZu`rs rih_u d|rs®

ANpD_p¡ g¡M

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?